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6. Lithophragma (Nuttall) Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 583. 1840.
Woodland-star [Greek lithos, stone, and phragma, hedge or fence, alluding to rocky habitat; or an unsuccessful attempt to render Saxifraga in Greek]
Roy L. Taylor
Tellima R. Brown [unranked] Lithophragma Nuttall, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 26. 1834 (as Lithofragma); Pleurendotria Rafinesque, name rejected
Herbs, rhizomatous, not stoloniferous; caudex sometimes bearing bulbils. Flowering stems erect, leafy, 8-85 cm, stipitate-glandular. Leaves in basal rosette and cauline; cauline leaves (1-)2(-10), usually alternate (opposite in L. cymbalaria), unlobed, lobed, or palmately compound, sometimes with bulbils in axils; stipules present; petiole stipitate-glandular; blade rhombic or orbiculate to reniform, lobed, base cordate, hastate, rounded, ligulate, or cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces often stipitate-glandular; venation palmate. Inflorescences compact or lax racemes, arising from axillary buds in basal rosette, 2-12(-25)-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary, (flowers sometimes replaced by bulbils), bracteate. Flowers: hypanthium partially adnate to proximal 1/2 to entire length of ovary, free from ovary 1-2 mm, green; sepals 5, green tinged with red; petals 5, white or pink; nectariferous tissue inconspicuous; stamens 10, (inserted on hypanthium, inner whorl attached proximal to point of petal insertion); filaments filiform; (anthers cordate); pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior to 1/2 or almost completely inferior, 1-locular, carpels fully connate at ovaries; placentation parietal; styles 3; stigmas 3. Capsules 3-beaked. Seeds (50-200), usually dark brown, ovoid, smooth, wrinkled, or tuberculate. x = 7.
Species 10 (10 in the flora): w North America.
SELECTED REFERENCES Kuzoff, R. K., L. Hufford, and D. E. Soltis. 2001. Structural homology and developmental transformations associated with ovary diversification in Lithophragma (Saxifragaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 88: 196-205. Kuzoff, R. K., D. E. Soltis, L. Hufford, and P. S. Soltis. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships within Lithophragma (Saxifragaceae): Hybridization, allopolyploidy, and ovary diversification. Syst. Bot. 24: 598-615. Taylor, R. L. 1965. The genus Lithophragma (Saxifragaceae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 37: 1-122.
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| 1 |
Leaves palmately compound, 3-foliolate; seeds spiny. |
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1 Lithophragma maximum |
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Leaves unlobed or lobed, or 3-foliolate; seeds smooth, wrinkled, tuberculate, or rough |
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(2) |
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| 2 (1) |
Stigma papillae in narrow subapical band; seeds smooth or wrinkled |
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(3) |
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Stigma papillae covering apical surface; seeds tuberculate, tubercles in 3-19 rows, blunt or spinelike |
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(6) |
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| 3 (2) |
Leaf blades light green; cauline leaves 3-lobed, appearing pinnatifid; flowers persistent, slightly pendulous; racemes erect; petals 5-7-lobed; ovaries to 1/2 inferior. |
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2 Lithophragma tenellum |
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Leaf blades dark green or reddish green; cauline leaves 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; flowers deciduous if unfertilized, horizontal; racemes often lax, nodding; petals 3-lobed; ovaries 1/2+ inferior |
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(4) |
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| 4 (3) |
Hypanthia elongate-obconic, length 3-4 times diam.; petals pink; flowers fragrant. |
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3 Lithophragma trifoliatum |
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Hypanthia obconic to obconic-elongate, length 2 times diam.; petals usually white, sometimes pink; flowers not fragrant |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Cauline leaves 3-foliolate; hypanthia obconic-elongate; petals white or pink, often with prominent venation, 3-lobed, obovate-rhombic, widely spreading, ultimate margins entire; ovaries 1/2+ inferior. |
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4 Lithophragma parviflorum |
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Cauline leaves 3-lobed; hypanthia obconic; petals white with obscure venation, usually shallowly 3-lobed, ovate-elliptic, not widely spreading, ultimate margins sometimes with extra tooth, (lobes acute); ovaries ± completely inferior. |
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5 Lithophragma affine |
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| 6 (2) |
Cauline leaves opposite (1 pair); flowering stems simple; petals unlobed, without serrations at base, ultimate margins entire. |
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6 Lithophragma cymbalaria |
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Cauline leaves alternate; flowering stems often branched; petals lobed or, if unlobed, margins sometimes with serrations at base |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Hypanthia broadly campanulate; flowers pendulous, petals partly included, ovate-elliptic, ultimate margins lacerate; flowers ± sessile. |
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7 Lithophragma campanulatum |
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Hypanthia narrowly campanulate; flowers horizontal, petals completely exserted, obovate-pandurate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate and palmately 5-lobed, ultimate margins entire; flowers long-pedicellate |
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(8) |
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| 8 (7) |
Hypanthia with truncate base; petals white, simple or 3-7-lobed; flowers not fragrant; racemes lax, nodding; cauline leaves 2-10; ovaries superior. |
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8 Lithophragma heterophyllum |
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Hypanthia with acute, obtuse, or hemispheric base; petals white or pink, unlobed, serrately 3-5-lobed, or 5-lobed; flowers sometimes fragrant; racemes erect; cauline leaves 2-4; ovaries to 1/2 inferior |
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(9) |
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| 9 (8) |
Plants usually robust; leaves usually unlobed or 3-5-lobed; petals white, unlobed or 3-5-lobed with serrations at base; inflorescences 2(-3)-branched, 3-5(-25)-flowered racemes, flowers rarely replaced with bulbils. |
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9 Lithophragma bolanderi |
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Plants usually fragile; leaves lobed (lobes rounded); petals usually pink, rarely white, palmately 5-lobed, base without serrations; inflorescences rarely branched (unless plant with bulbils), solitary flowers or 2-5(-7)-flowered racemes, often appearing corymbose; flowers sometimes replaced with bulbils. |
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10 Lithophragma glabrum |
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Lower Taxa
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