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10. Cheirostylis Blume, Bijdr. 413. 1825.
叉柱兰属 cha zhu lan shu
Authors: Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb & Paul Ormerod
Arisanorchis Hayata; Gymnochilus Blume; Mariarisqueta Guinea.
Herbs, terrestrial or occasionally epiphytic, small. Rhizome decumbent, moniliform to terete, fleshy, with many contracted nodes; roots usually reduced to fine hairs and arranged along ridges on rhizome internodes, rarely fleshy and emerging from rhizome nodes. Stem erect, very short to elongate, glabrous, with 2 to several subrosulate or scattered cauline leaves. Leaves often withered at anthesis, ovate to cordate, with a short petiole-like base dilating into a tubular amplexicaul sheath. Inflorescence erect, terminal, racemose, very short to elongate, 1- to many flowered, glabrous to pubescent. Flowers resupinate, usually small, mostly not secund; ovary shortly pedicellate, twisted, fusiform, glabrous to pubescent. Sepals membranous, outer surface glabrous to pubescent, connate for half to almost entire length and forming a tube, or rarely free. Petals usually connivent with dorsal sepal; lip adnate to column margin at base, sometimes simple and entire though usually 3-partite; hypochile often dilated and saccate, containing fleshy, lobed or seriate (comblike) papillose calli; mesochile subtubular, short to elongate; epichile spreading, 2-lobed or rarely entire, margin laciniate, dentate, wavy, or entire. Column short, ventrally with 2 elongate armlike appendages (stelidia) parallel to rostellum; anther erect, ovoid, 2-locular; pollinia 2, each longitudinally 2-partite, granular-farinaceous, clavate, attached to solitary oblong viscidium; rostellum deeply bifid, 2 elongate arms erect, parallel; stigma lobes 2, separate, convex, rather large, placed laterally near apex of column and below rostellum. Capsule ellipsoid.
About 50 species: from tropical Africa through tropical Asia to New Guinea, Australia, and the Pacific islands; 17 species (eight endemic) in China.
Hayata considered species with an entire lip to comprise a distinct genus, Arisanorchis, but they conform to Cheirostylis in other respects (sepals basally fused and forming a tube, column with two elongate stelidia, rostellum deeply bifid) and are most likely peloric forms. A monographic revision of the genus is highly desirable given that overlapping species concepts remain a problem in separating taxa named from different regions. The endemic species of Taiwan and Hong Kong in particular remain poorly known and are in need of re-examination.
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| 1 |
Leafy stem elongate, (1.5-)3-8 cm; leaves cauline, scattered, sometimes becoming clustered toward apex of stem; inflorescence shorter than, equal to, or sometimes slightly longer than (but always less than 2 × as long as) leafy stem |
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(2) |
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Leafy stem usually no more than 3 cm (rarely to 5 cm); leaves subrosulate or congested at base of stem; inflorescence at least 2 × as long as leafy stem |
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(7) |
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| 2 (1) |
Leaves elliptic-oblong, 5-7 cm; sepals free, not forming a tube. |
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1 C. tabiyahanensis |
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Leaves usually ovate, 0.4-3.2 cm; sepals connate for 1/2-3/5 of length and forming a tube |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Leaves up to 0.7 cm; sepals 2.5-3 mm. |
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2 C. pusilla |
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Leaves 1-3.2 cm; sepals 3-11 mm |
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(4) |
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| 4 (3) |
Inflorescence to 1 cm, peduncle often enclosed by leaf bases and not visible beyond stem apex; ovary glabrous; petals 9-10 mm; hypochile calli comblike, composed of several seriate papillose appendages |
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(5) |
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Inflorescence 2-7 cm, peduncle long, free of leaf bases and visible beyond stem apex; ovary pubescent or villous; petals 4-4.5 mm; hypochile calli bifid |
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(6) |
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| 5 (4) |
Apices of sepals acute; epichile without a tooth at apex between 2 lobes, lobes deeply 4- or 5-laciniate, each division 3-4 mm. |
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3 C. octodactyla |
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Apices of sepals obtuse; epichile with an acute tooth at apex between 2 lobes, lobes 5- or 6-laciniate, each division 1-2 mm. |
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4 C. pingbianensis |
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| 6 (4) |
Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 1.5-2.2 cm, petiole-like base and sheath 1.5-1.8 cm; epichile lobes deeply 4- or 5-laciniate. |
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5 C. tortilacinia |
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Leaves ovate-orbicular, 2-3 cm, petiole-like base and sheath 0.7-0.9 cm; epichile lobes wavy to shallowly 2- or 3-dentate, teeth broad with acute tips. |
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6 C. liukiuensis |
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| 7 (1) |
Lip simple, entire; hypochile lacking papillose calli |
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(8) |
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Lip 3-partite; epichile lobes dentate or laciniate at margin, hypochile containing papillose calli |
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(9) |
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| 8 (7) |
Ovary and outer surface of sepals glabrous; lip spatulate, 3-5 mm. |
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7 C. clibborndyeri |
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Ovary and outer surface of sepals pubescent; lip narrowly oblong, 6-8 mm. |
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8 C. takeoi |
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| 9 (7) |
Sepals and petals 13-15 mm; lip 15-17 mm. |
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9 C. griffithii |
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Sepals and petals 3-6.5(-9) mm; lip 5-12 mm |
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(10) |
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| 10 (9) |
Hypochile shortly spurred. |
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17 C. calcarata |
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Hypochile saccate, never spurred |
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(11) |
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| 11 (10) |
Hypochile divided by a longitudinal septum into 2 parts, each part with (1 or)2 horn-shaped calli. |
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13 C. malipoensis |
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Hypochile lacking a longitudinal septum; calli bifid or comblike |
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(12) |
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| 12 (11) |
Epichile lobes deeply laciniate, divisions narrowly linear; hypochile calli bifid |
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(13) |
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Epichile lobes irregularly dentate to wavy, teeth coarse, triangular with acute tips or truncate with obtuse tips; hypochile calli comblike, 3-6-toothed |
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(14) |
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| 13 (12) |
Rhizome moniliform, olive-green; leaves 0.8-1 cm wide, petiole-like base to 4 mm; lip 8-11.5 mm. |
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10 C. monteiroi |
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Rhizome torose, reddish; leaves 1.2-1.7 cm wide, petiole-like base 4-10 mm; lip 5-6 mm. |
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11 C. cochinchinensis |
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| 14 (12) |
Sepals and petals 5-6.5(-9) mm; lip 9-12 mm |
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(15) |
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Sepals and petals 3-4 mm; lip 5-7 mm |
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(16) |
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| 15 (14) |
Epichile deeply bilobed, apical margin obviously dentate. |
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12 C. yunnanensis |
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Epichile shallowly bilobed, apical margin obscurely denticulate to wavy. |
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14 C. thailandica |
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| 16 (14) |
Epichile lobes wavy to shallowly dentate, teeth truncate with obtuse tips; hypochile calli 2- or 3-lobed. |
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15 C. jamesleungii |
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Epichile margin distinctly dentate, teeth triangular with acute tips; hypochile calli 4-6-lobed. |
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16 C. chinensis |
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List of lower taxa
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