1	Cauline leaves opposite; bulbs and bulbils absent.		(2)
+	Cauline leaves alternate, sometimes only 1 or absent; bulbs or bulbils sometimes present.		(12)
2 (1)	Capsule not truncate at apex, carpels subequal then erect or divergent.		(3)
+	Capsule subtruncate and retuse at apex, carpels subequal, horizontal; if capsule apex not truncate then carpels distinctly unequal and divaricate.		(4)
3 (2)	Stems and leaves pilose; seeds with undulate, transverse lines		26 C. hebetatum
+	Stems and leaves glabrous, but sparsely brown papillose at axils and on leaves adaxially; seeds smooth, glabrous		25 C. nepalense
4 (2)	Capsule truncate at apex, carpels distinctly unequal, divaricate.		(5)
+	Capsule subtruncate and retuse at apex, carpels subequal, horizontal.		(8)
5 (4)	Seeds sulcate, ridges papillose		30 C. pilosum
+	Seeds not sulcate, papillose or puberulous.		(6)
6 (5)	Disc distinct; ovary usually semi-inferior		29 C. cavaleriei
+	Disc obscure or absent; ovary semi-inferior or subsuperior.		(7)
7 (6)	Terminal sterile branch leaves sometimes brown papillose abaxially; cauline leaves, flowering stems, inflorescence branches, pedicels, and bracteal leaves glabrous		27 C. sinicum
+	Terminal sterile branch leaves not brown papillose abaxially; flowering stems, inflorescence branches, and pedicels brown pilose; cauline leaves and bracteal leaves glabrous except margin ± ciliate		28 C. lectus-cochleae
8 (4)	Flowering stems brown pilose; cauline leaves brown pilose adaxially; seeds smooth, glabrous		31 C. ramosum
+	Flowering stems glabrous or brown papillose; cauline leaves glabrous or brown papillose adaxially; seeds 13-16-sulcate, ridges marked by transverse lines (?except in C. lixianense).		(9)
9 (8)	Cauline leaves sparsely brown papillose on both surfaces; flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); female flowers with stamens absent and disc 8-lobed, surrounded by sparse, brown papillae; male flowers with pistil obsolete and disc not surrounded by papillae		35 C. biondianum
+	Cauline leaves glabrous; flowers bisexual.		(10)
10 (9)	Stolons arising from leaf axils, glabrous; cauline leaves distinctly obtusely 7-9-dentate		34 C. qinlingense
+	Stolons absent; cauline leaves obscurely 7-12-crenate.		(11)
11 (10)	Cauline leaves broadly ovate or orbicular to flabellate, sparsely brown papillose abaxially; bracteal leaves sparsely brown papillose abaxially; sepals broadly suborbicular, apex retuse, with 1 brown papilla		32 C. delavayi
+	Cauline leaves reniform to broadly orbicular, glabrous; bracteal leaves glabrous; sepals broadly ovate to broadly orbicular, apex obtuse to acute		33 C. lixianense
12 (1)	Seeds smooth, glabrous.		(13)
+	Seeds papillose or puberulous.		(24)
13 (12)	Disc distinctly 8-lobed.		(14)
+	Disc obscure or absent.		(17)
14 (13)	Stolons arising from leaf axils; proximal cauline leaves scalelike, distal ones ovate to broadly so or subspatulate to broadly obovate.		(15)
+	Stolons absent; leaves reniform or broadly orbicular-reniform.		(16)
15 (14)	Distal cauline leaves ovate to broadly so, base rounded-cuneate; cyme remotely flowered or flowers solitary at leaf axils, pedicel barely 1.9 cm; sepals spreading, subrhombic		11 C. axillare
+	Distal cauline leaves subspatulate to broadly obovate, base cuneate; cyme 7-10-flowered, pedicel barely 0.7 cm; sepals erect, broadly orbicular		12 C. carnosum
16 (14)	Plants 8.5-32.7 cm tall; stems glabrous; cauline leaves glabrous on both surfaces		9 C. griffithii
+	Plants 5-6.3 cm tall; stems brown crisped villous; cauline leaves brown pilose on both surfaces		10 C. fuscopuncticulosum
17 (13)	Leaves not reniform.		(18)
+	Leaves reniform.		(20)
18 (17)	Distal cauline leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate; sepals retuse at apex; styles and capsular carpels embedded in calyx, not visible		8 C. absconditicapsulum
+	Distal cauline leaves broadly obovate or broadly ovate; sepals obtuse at apex; styles or capsular carpels partly visible above calyx.		(19)
19 (18)	Distal cauline leaves broadly obovate; stamens 1.6-2.2 mm, visible above calyx		6 C. oxygraphoides
+	Distal cauline leaves broadly ovate; stamens 1-1.5 mm, not visible above calyx		7 C. sikangense
20 (17)	Stolons absent.		(21)
+	Stolons present.		(22)
21 (20)	Plants to 20 cm or more tall; stem brown pilose and papillose at leaf axils, elsewhere glabrous, with 1 leaf; basal leaves shallowly 15-26-dentate at margin; sepals subspreading		1 C. forrestii
+	Plants barely 10 cm tall; stem brown pilose or papillose, usually without leaves; basal leaves shallowly 7-15-dentate at margin; sepals erect		2 C. nudicaule
22 (20)	Bulbs absent; stolons usually subterranean, scaly; basal leaves pilose adaxially, cauline leaf usually 1, ± pubescent		3 C. serreanum
+	Bulb 1, subterranean; stolons above ground, glabrous; leaves glabrous.		(23)
23 (22)	Leaves, bracteal leaves, and sepals distinctly brown spotted; flower solitary or cyme 2- or 3-flowered		5 C. uniflorum
+	Leaves, bracteal leaves, and sepals not distinctly brown spotted; cyme 6-15-flowered		4 C. giraldianum
24 (12)	Disc obscure or absent.		(25)
+	Disc distinct, if obsolete then surrounded by dense, brown papillae.		(28)
25 (24)	Stems glabrous; basal leaves reniform to orbicular-reniform		13 C. chinense
+	Stems brown villous; basal leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, or obovate to elliptic, sometimes oblong.		(26)
26 (25)	Sterile branches absent; basal leaf margin 20-36-crenate, sometimes obscurely so; stamens shorter than sepals; capsule rostrums ca. 0.5 mm		16 C. glossophyllum
+	Sterile branches arising from proximal cauline leaf axils; basal leaf margin (7-)13-17-crenate, or undulate-crenulate to entire; stamens subequaling or longer than sepals; capsule rostrums 1-4 mm.		(27)
27 (26)	Basal leaves broadly ovate to broadly subelliptic, (0.5-)2.1-4.2 × (0.7-)2-3.7 cm, brown pilose on both surfaces along veins and at margin, base usually subtruncate to subcordate, margin (7-)13-17-crenate; sepals usually orbicular; stamens 1-2 mm, subequaling sepals; capsule rostrums ca. 1 mm		14 C. davidianum
+	Basal leaves obovate, 2.3-19 × 1.3-11.5 cm, glabrous abaxially, brown pilose adaxially, base cuneate, margin undulate-crenulate or entire; sepals subovate to broadly ovate; stamens 4-6.5 mm, distinctly longer than sepals; capsule rostrums 3-4 mm		15 C. macrophyllum
28 (24)	Disc usually obsolete, surrounded by dense, brown papillae.		(29)
+	Disc usually 8-lobed, rarely 4-lobed, not surrounded by brown papillae.		(31)
29 (28)	Sterile branches present; stolons absent; basal leaves present; cauline leaf margin 5-9-crenate, teeth obtuse at apex		22 C. lanuginosum
+	Sterile branches absent; stolons sometimes present; basal leaves absent; cauline leaf margin shallowly 7-9-dentate, teeth retuse at apex.		(30)
30 (29)	Stolons arising from proximal cauline leaf axils; leaves subflabellate to ± semiorbicular, brown pilose and papillose adaxially near base and at sinus, base broadly cuneate to truncate, margin shallowly 7-9-dentate; bracteal leaves flabellate to nearly semiorbicular, brown pilose adaxially near base; disc obsolete, surrounded by dense, brown papillae		24 C. taibaishanense
+	Stolons absent; leaves subreniform, brown pilose on both surfaces and at margin, base cordate, margin shallowly 9-dentate; bracteal leaves subreniform to broadly suborbicular, glabrous on both surfaces; disc 8-lobed, surrounded by sparse, brown papillae		23 C. jienningense
31 (28)	Stems glabrous; cauline leaf petiole glabrous; basal leaves reniform to orbicular-reniform or broadly ovate to subreniform, cauline leaves broadly suborbicular or broadly ovate.		(32)
+	Stems ± brown pilose; petiole brown villous at base; leaves orbicular to reniform.		(33)
32 (31)	Stolons arising from basal leaf axils; basal leaves reniform to orbicular-reniform, pilose adaxially, margin obtusely 12-18-dentate; cauline leaves broadly suborbicular, margin obtusely 5-dentate; inflorescence branches and pedicels glabrous; seeds sparsely puberulous		20 C. flagelliferum
+	Stolons absent; basal leaves broadly ovate to subreniform, glabrous on both surfaces, margin 8-crenate, teeth usually overlapping at margin; cauline leaves usually broadly subovate, margin 7- or 8-crenate; inflorescence branches and pedicels ± brown papillose; seeds densely papillose		21 C. microspermum
33 (31)	Plants ca. 27 cm tall; basal leaves brown spotted; petiole 2.5-14 cm; leaf blade 2.3-8.5 × 2.4-8.5 cm, glabrous on both surfaces, margin undulate or 34-37-crenate, teeth colorless and narrow at margin; flowers 5-6 mm in diam.		17 C. hydrocotylifolium
+	Plants 8-15.5 cm tall; basal leaves unspotted; petiole 1.5-8 cm; leaf blade 0.6-2.2 × 0.9-2.5 cm, glabrous abaxially, pilose adaxially, margin shallowly 15-17-dentate or obscurely crenate; flowers ca. 3 mm in diam.		(34)
34 (33)	Stems pilose; leaves subglabrous abaxially, margin shallowly dentate; inflorescence branches pilose; stamens (2 or)4(or 8); disc usually 4-lobed		18 C. japonicum
+	Stems pilose near base, elsewhere glabrous; leaves glabrous abaxially, margin crenate or obscurely so; inflorescence branches glabrous; stamens 8; disc not 4-lobed		19 C. wuwenchenii