1	Perianth lobes outside and inflorescences glabrous or appressed puberulent		(2)
+	Perianth lobes outside and inflorescences densely pubescent, villous, or tomentose		(15)
2 (1)	Midrib of leaf blade completely elevated adaxially		(3)
+	Midrib of leaf blade partly or completely impressed adaxially		(8)
3 (2)	Branchlets and leaf blade abaxially glaucous.		1 P. lichuanensis
+	Branchlets and leaf blade not as above		(4)
4 (3)	Fruit oblong or ellipsoid		(5)
+	Fruit ovoid		(6)
5 (4)	Leaf blade elliptic, 7-13(-15) × 2-4 cm, lateral veins 6 or 7 pairs; petiole 1-2 cm; infructescences 3-7 cm; fruit ellipsoid, 1.1-1.3 cm × 5-7 mm.		5 P. yaiensis
+	Leaf blade broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 10-28 × 4-8 cm, lateral veins 9-15 pairs; petiole 2-4 cm; infructescences 10-17 cm; fruit oblong, 1.6-1.8 cm × ca. 8 mm.		6 P. hainanensis
6 (4)	Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, usually 15-25 × 1-2.5 cm.		2 P. angustifolia
+	Leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, much wider, 3-6.5 cm in diam		(7)
7 (6)	Leaf blade thickly papery, veinlets not foveolate on both surfaces; inflorescences slender; pedicel glaucous; fruit beaked at apex.		3 P. lanceolata
+	Leaf blade leathery, veinlets foveolate on both surfaces; inflorescences thick; pedicel not glaucous; fruit not beaked at apex.		4 P. calcarea
8 (2)	Inflorescences mostly slender, much branched, each branch with persistent bracts at base; leaf blade lateral veins and veinlets deeply impressed adaxially.		7 P. kwangsiensis
+	Inflorescences thick, each branch without persistent bracts at base; leaf blade lateral veins and veinlets not impressed or slightly impressed adaxially		(9)
9 (8)	Fruit globose or subglobose		(10)
+	Fruit ovoid		(13)
10 (9)	Flowers large, 5-6 mm; petiole to 4 cm, 2-3 mm thick.		8 P. chinensis
+	Flowers smaller, 2.5-3.5 mm; petiole not more than 2.5 cm, more slender		(11)
11 (10)	Leaf blade not lustrous on both surfaces, abaxially not glaucescent.		11 P. minutiflora
+	Leaf blade lustrous on both surfaces, abaxially glaucescent		(12)
12 (11)	Leaf blade leathery, ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 4-6 × 1-3.5 cm, lateral veins 5-7 pairs.		9 P. microphylla
+	Leaf blade thickly leathery, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 7-12(-15) × 2-4.5 cm, lateral veins 12-15 pairs.		10 P. faberi
13 (9)	Young leaf blade densely appressed sericeous abaxially; perianth lobes conspicuously ciliate.		12 P. hunanensis
+	Young leaf blade glabrous or sparsely pubescent abaxially; perianth lobes glabrous or somewhat hairy at margins		(14)
14 (13)	Leaf blade elliptic, lateral veins 6-9 pairs, inconspicuous on both surfaces, margin revolute; perianth lobes glabrate inside.		13 P. nigrifolia
+	Leaf blade oblanceolate, lanceolate, pandurate-oblanceolate, or pandurate-obovate, lateral veins 8-13(-17) pairs, conspicuous abaxially, margin not revolute; perianth lobes densely pubescent inside.		14 P. neuranthoides
15 (1)	Midrib of leaf blade completely elevated adaxially		(16)
+	Midrib of leaf blade completely or partly impressed adaxially		(18)
16 (15)	Panicles usually 9-16 cm; leaf blade 9-22 cm, base attenuate and decurrent, lateral veins 10-15 pairs.		15 P. tavoyana
+	Panicles 3.5-10 cm; leaf blade 3-12 cm, base obtuse, not decurrent, lateral veins 6-8(-10) pairs		(17)
17 (16)	Leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 8-12 × 3-3.5(-4) cm, veinlets conspicuous abaxially; inflorescences 6-10 cm.		16 P. legendrei
+	Leaf blade oblong or elliptic-oblong, 3-6 × 1.5-2 cm, veinlets slightly conspicuous abaxially; inflorescences ca. 3.5 cm.		17 P. brachythyrsa
18 (15)	Midrib of leaf blade impressed at lower part only adaxially		(19)
+	Midrib of leaf blade completely impressed adaxially (but elevated distally in P. neurantha var. cavaleriei)		(20)
19 (18)	Leaf blade obovate or oblanceolate, base attenuate and decurrent.		18 P. crassipedicella
+	Leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, base cuneate, not decurrent.		16 P. legendrei
20 (18)	Fruit globose.		19 P. forrestii
+	Fruit shape not as above		(21)
21 (20)	Fruit large, more than 1.8 cm		(22)
+	Fruit smaller, below 1.5 cm		(27)
22 (21)	One-year-old branchlets glabrous or puberulent		(23)
+	One-year-old branchlets conspicuously hairy		(24)
23 (22)	Apex of leaf blade shortly acuminate, abaxially puberulent; fruit oblong or ellipsoid, 2-3.2 × 1.1-2 cm.		20 P. rufescens
+	Apex of leaf blade orbicular or slightly mucronate, abaxially usually glaucous; fruit long ovoid, ca. 1.8 × 1 cm.		21 P. glaucophylla
24 (22)	Branchlets sparsely pubescent; leaf blade 10-20 cm, lateral veins 10-12 pairs.		22 P. yunnanensis
+	Branchlets densely yellowish brown tomentose or pubescent; leaf blade 15-45 cm, lateral veins more than 20 pairs		(25)
25 (24)	Base of leaf blade shallowly cordate, oblique; fruit obovoid-oblong or obovoid; persistent perianth lobes ligneous, ca. 15 × 5-6 mm.		23 P. megacalyx
+	Base of leaf blade symmetrical; fruit ellipsoid; persistent perianth lobes leathery, 5-6 × 3.5-4 mm		(26)
26 (25)	Leaf blade acuminate or shortly acuminate at apex, abaxially sparsely yellowish brown pubescent; fruit 3.5-3.8(-4.2) × 1.9-2.2 cm, apex glabrous.		24 P. macrocarpa
+	Leaf blade obtuse or mucronate at apex, abaxially densely yellowish brown villous especially along veins; fruit 2-2.2 × 1.5-1.6 cm, apex hairy.		25 P. motuonan
27 (21)	One-year-old branchlets very thick, 4.5-6 mm in diam		(28)
+	One-year-old branchlets slender or very slender, 2-3.5 mm in diam		(29)
28 (27)	Leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, or oblanceolate, 10-15 × 2-4.5 cm, lateral veins 12-14 pairs; branchlets, young leaf blade, petioles, and buds densely reddish brown or ferruginous villous.		26 P. hungmoensis
+	Leaf blade obovate-elliptic or broadly obovate-lanceolate, 10-23 × 5-9 cm, lateral veins 12-20 pairs; branchlets and petioles densely yellowish brown tomentose.		27 P. puwenensis
29 (27)	Leaf blade lateral veins very slender, conspicuous or inconspicuous, veinlets nearly disappearing or completely disappearing abaxially; leaf blade gray-white appressed pubescent abaxially.		28 P. hui
+	Leaf blade lateral veins thick and veinlets conspicuous or very conspicuous abaxially; leaf blade hairy abaxially but not as above		(30)
30 (29)	Fruit larger, 1.1-1.5 cm, ellipsoid-ovoid, ellipsoid, or suboblong; persistent perianth lobes clasping base of fruit		(31)
+	Fruit smaller, not more than 1 cm, ovoid or ellipsoid-ovoid; persistent perianth lobes loose, rarely clasping base of fruit		(33)
31 (30)	Leaf blade obovate-elliptic or obovate-lanceolate, 7-17 × 3-7 cm; seed with numerous embryos, cotyledons unequal.		29 P. chekiangensis
+	Leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, smaller; seed with solitary embryo, cotyledons equal		(32)
32 (31)	Leaf blade leathery, lanceolate or oblanceolate, veinlets very distinct, reticulate abaxially; branchlets hairy or glabrate; panicles shorter, 3-7(-10) cm, not patent.		30 P. bournei
+	Leaf blade thinly leathery, elliptic, veinlets indistinct, not reticulate abaxially; branchlets densely yellowish brown or gray-brown pubescent; panicles longer, 7.5-12 cm, patent.		31 P. zhennan
33 (30)	Older leaf blade abaxially and fruiting pedicel glabrous or sparsely pubescent		(34)
+	Older leaf blade abaxially and fruiting pedicel densely villous or pubescent		(35)
34 (33)	Flowers smaller, 2-2.5 mm; persistent perianth lobes ca. 3 mm; leaf blade obovate or obovate-lanceolate, 9-15(-20) × 4-6(-8) cm, glaucous abaxially.		32 P. formosana
+	Flowers larger, 4-5 mm; persistent perianth lobes 4-5 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-16 × 1-4 cm.		33 P. neurantha
35 (33)	Leaf blade densely or sparsely pubescent, ± glaucous abaxially; persistent perianth lobes unequal, clasping base of fruit.		34 P. glaucifolia
+	Leaf blade densely or sparsely gray-brown villous, not glaucous abaxially; persistent perianth lobes subequal, loose, not clasping base of fruit.		35 P. sheareri