1	Calyx teeth obsolete; fruit usually ornamented, hairy, papillose or granular, occasionally smooth.		(2)
+	Calyx teeth conspicuous or obsolete; fruit glabrous.		(18)
2 (1)	Annuals or biennials; bracteoles absent, rarely 1–4.		(3)
+	Perennials; bracteoles present.		(5)
3 (2)	Stylopodium conic; fruit oblong-ovoid.		1 Pimpinella anisum
+	Stylopodium low-conic; fruit ovoid-globose or cordate-ovoid.		(4)
4 (3)	Rays 15–20, 15–40 mm; bracteoles absent (Xinjiang).		2 Pimpinella puberula
+	Rays 3–5, 5–10 mm; bracteoles 2–4 (Sichuan, Yunnan).		3 Pimpinella silvatica
5 (2)	Basal and cauline leaves homomorphic, ternate or 1-pinnate, pinnae 2 pairs; flowers fertile in terminal umbels, mainly sterile in lateral umbels.		4 Pimpinella kingdon-wardii
+	Basal and cauline leaves heteromorphic, simple, ternate or 1–2-pinnate; flowers fertile in terminal and lateral umbels.		(6)
6 (5)	Root fibrous.		(7)
+	Taproot cylindrical or fusiform.		(8)
7 (6)	Petals dark purple, glabrous, base shortly clawed.		5 Pimpinella atropurpurea
+	Petals white, hairy abaxially, base cuneate.		6 Pimpinella diversifolia
8 (6)	Basal and lower leaves 1–2-pinnate or ternate-1–2-pinnate, rarely ternate.		(9)
+	Basal and lower leaves simple, 1-pinnate or ternate.		(12)
9 (8)	Rays and pedicels extremely unequal, rays 2–70 mm.		14 Pimpinella smithii
+	Rays and pedicels subequal or slightly unequal, rays 5–25(–30) mm.		(10)
10 (9)	Styles 2–4 × stylopodium; fruit sparsely pubescent to glabrous; basal leaves 1–2-pinnate.		15 Pimpinella fargesii
+	Styles 1–1.5 × stylopodium; fruit densely or sparsely pubescent; basal leaves 1-pinnate, or ternate, 1–2-pinnate.		(11)
11 (10)	Rays 4–10, slightly unequal; fruit densely pubescent, basal leaves 1-pinnate, rarely ternate.		16 Pimpinella chungdienensis
+	Rays 8–16, subequal; fruit sparsely pubescent, basal leaves ternate-1–2-pinnate.		17 Pimpinella tonkinensis
12 (8)	Basal and lower leaves ternate, rarely simple.		(13)
+	Basal and lower leaves usually simple.		(14)
13 (12)	Bracteoles equal to or longer than pedicels; vittae 1 in each furrow.		12 Pimpinella tibetanica
+	Bracteoles equal to or shorter than pedicels; vittae 1–4 in each furrow.		13 Pimpinella bisinuata
14 (12)	Leaf blade reniform-rotund, cordate-lanceolate or long triangular, rarely cordate-ovate.		(15)
+	Leaf blade cordate-ovate.		(16)
15 (14)	Styles 1–1.5 × stylopodium; basal and lower leaves cordate-lanceolate or long triangular (Sichuan, Yunnan).		10 Pimpinella yunnanensis
+	Styles ca. 3 × stylopodium; basal and lower leaves reniform-rotund (Hubei).		11 Pimpinella renifolia
16 (14)	Rays 6–15, 1–3 cm; bracteoles equal to or longer than flowers, densely hirsute.		7 Pimpinella rockii
+	Rays (6–)10–25, 1.5–4(–6) cm; bracteoles shorter than or longer than flowers, glabrous.		(17)
17 (16)	Styles 1–1.5 × stylopodium; fruit papillose-rugose.		8 Pimpinella coriacea
+	Styles 2–3 × stylopodium; fruit finely granulate.		9 Pimpinella candolleana
18 (1)	Calyx teeth conspicuous.		(19)
+	Calyx teeth obsolete, rarely minute.		(28)
19 (18)	Basal and lower leaves ternate-2-pinnate, 1–3-ternate or 3–4-pinnate; rays glabrous or hirsute.		(20)
+	Basal and lower leaves 1–2-ternate or 1–2-pinnate; rays glabrous or pubescent.		(23)
20 (19)	Fruit oblong-ovoid; ultimate leaf segments linear.		41 Pimpinella valleculosa
+	Fruit ovoid or cordate-ovoid; ultimate leaf segments ovate-lanceolate, ovate, broad-ovate or suborbicular.		(21)
21 (20)	Ultimate leaf segments broad-ovate or suborbicular, 1–2 × 1–1.5 cm; styles ca. 1 × stylopodium; vittae 1 in each furrow.		42 Pimpinella xizangensis
+	Ultimate leaf segments ovate-lanceolate or rhombic, 2–8 × 1–4 cm; styles 2–3 × stylopodium; vittae 3 in each furrow.		(22)
22 (21)	Rays 2–7 cm; fruit ca. 4 × 3 mm; leaflets acuminate or caudate at the apex.		43 Pimpinella arguta
+	Rays 2–3.5 cm; fruit ca. 2 × 1.5–2 mm; leaflets acuminate at the apex.		44 Pimpinella komarovii
23 (19)	Petals purple, base shortly clawed.		(24)
+	Petals white, base cuneate; seed face plane.		(25)
24 (23)	Plants 30–80 cm; seed face slightly concave (Yunnan).		35 Pimpinella purpurea
+	Plants 10–30 cm; seed face flat (Xizang).		36 Pimpinella pimpinellisimulacrum
25 (23)	Root fusiform; petals without incurved apex (Yunnan).		37 Pimpinella liana
+	Roots fibrous; petals with an incurved apex (NE China).		(26)
26 (25)	Leaves ternate, leaflets ovate or broad-ovate.		38 Pimpinella brachycarpa
+	Leaves 1–2-ternate, leaflets ovate, oblong-ovate, or rhombic.		(27)
27 (26)	Bracts absent, occasionally 2–3; fruit cordate-ovoid, ca. 1 × 0.8 mm.		39 Pimpinella koreana
+	Bracts persistent, 3–5; fruit oblong-ovoid, ca. 5 × 2 mm.		40 Pimpinella calycina
28 (18)	All leaves simple or ternate; umbels 0.5–1 cm across, mostly lateral.		18 Pimpinella rubescens
+	Basal and lower leaves 1–2-ternate, ternate-2–3-pinnate or 1–3-pinnate; umbels 2–10 cm across, terminal and lateral.		(29)
29 (28)	Basal and lower leaves 1–2-ternate or 1–2-pinnate.		(30)
+	Basal and lower leaves 1–3-ternate or ternate-2–3-pinnate.		(37)
30 (29)	Rays 2–6; umbellules 2–8-flowered; basal leaves 1–2-ternate or 1-pinnate, pinnae 2 pairs.		(31)
+	Rays 5–25; umbellules 5–25-flowered; basal leaves 1–3-pinnate, pinnae 3–6 pairs.		(34)
31 (30)	Bracteoles 2–3; pedicels 10–15 mm in fruit (Anhui).		19 Pimpinella serra
+	Bracteoles 0; pedicels 1–10 mm in fruit (Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan).		(32)
32 (31)	Plants glabrous; umbels 3–5 cm across, very lax; fruit ca. 2 mm, usually only one mericarp matures.		20 Pimpinella refracta
+	Plants sparsely puberulent or pubescent; umbels 1–3.5 cm across, compact or open; fruit ca. 1 mm, both mericarps mature.		(33)
33 (32)	Plants little-branched above; rays 2–6; style ca. 1 × stylopodium.		21 Pimpinella flaccida
+	Plants several- or much-branched above; rays 4–5; style ca. 2 × stylopodium.		22 Pimpinella grisea
34 (30)	Bracts and bracteoles present; fruit cordate-ovoid; basal leaves 1-pinnate (Taiwan).		23 Pimpinella niitakayamensis
+	Bracts and bracteoles absent; fruit oblong-ovoid; basal leaves 1–3-pinnate-pinnatifid.		(35)
35 (34)	Basal leaves 1-pinnate, pinnae incised or lacerate-pinnatifid, ultimate segments ovate-lanceolate or ovate.		24 Pimpinella thellungiana
+	Basal leaves 2–3-pinnate, ultimate segments linear or lanceolate.		(36)
36 (35)	Styles ca. 3 × stylopodium; seed face plane; basal leaves 2-pinnate (NE China).		25 Pimpinella cnidioides
+	Styles ca. 1 × stylopodium; seed face slightly concave; basal leaves 2–3-pinnate (Xizang).		26 Pimpinella filipedicellata
37 (29)	Root fibrous; basal and lower leaves ternate-2–3-pinnate.		27 Pimpinella helosciadoidea
+	Taproot cylindrical or fusiform; basal and lower leaves 2-ternate or ternate-1–3-pinnate.		(38)
38 (37)	Styles ca. equal to stylopodium.		(39)
+	Styles 2–3 × stylopodium.		(40)
39 (38)	Rays 4–6(–8), extremely unequal; pedicels 2–3 mm in fruit.		28 Pimpinella brachystyla
+	Rays 4–10(–13), subequal; pedicels 10–20 mm in fruit.		29 Pimpinella acuminata
40 (38)	Rays 5–8, 1.5–2.5 cm; basal leaves ternate-2–3-pinnate.		30 Pimpinella nyingchiensis
+	Rays (5–)10–25, 3–6(–8) cm; basal leaves 2–3-ternate.		(41)
41 (40)	Petals obcordate, apex incurved; basal leaves 2-ternate.		31 Pimpinella caudata
+	Petals oblong-ovate, apex not incurved; basal leaves 2–3-ternate.		(42)
42 (41)	Rays 5–7, 4–5 cm; basal leaves 3-ternate.		32 Pimpinella triternata
+	Rays 10–25, 0.5–4(–6.5) cm; basal leaves 2-ternate.		(43)
43 (42)	Bracteoles 1–2, or 0; terminal leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong-rhombic.		33 Pimpinella henryi
+	Bracteoles 2–5; terminal leaflets broad-ovate or rhombic.		34 Pimpinella rhomboidea