Semibarbula indica (Hook.) Herz. ex Hilp., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 50(2): 626. 1933. Barbula cruegeri Sonder ex C. Müll., Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: 618. 1849. Barbula horrinervis Saito, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 39: 468, f. 43, 1975. Barbula orientalis (Web.) Broth., Nat. Pflanzenfam. I(3): 409. 1902, hom. illeg. Didymodon orientalis (Web.) Williams, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 572. 1915. Semibarbula orientalis (Web.) Wijk & Marg., Taxon 8: 75. 1959. Trichostomum orientale Web., Arch. Syst. Naturgesch. 1(1): 129. 4 f. 6. 1804. Barbula tonkinensis (Besch.) Broth., Nat. Pflanzenfam. I(3): 409. 1902. Trichostomum tonkinense Besch., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 34: 96. 1887. Didymodon opacus Thér., Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 5: 173, f. 1–12. 1932. Type. China: Fujian (Fukien), Fu-zhou (Foochow) City, Nan-tai, H. H. Chung 324. Hydrogonium setschwanicum (Broth.) P.-C. Chen, Hedwigia 80: 246. 1941. Barbula setschwanica Broth., Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Abt. 1, 133: 566. 1924. Type. China: Sichuan (Setschwan), Xi-chang Co. (Ningyüen), Handel-Mazzetti 1293 (holotype H). Hymenostomum malayense Fleisch., Musci Buitenzorg 1: 315, f. 54. 1904. Trichostomum orientale fo. propagulifera Paris, Rev. Bryol. 28: 38. 1901.

Plants small to medium-sized, 5–17(–25) mm high, yellowish green to dark green, in loose or dense tufts. Stems erect, simple or irregularly branched, often radiculose at base; central strand well differentiated. Leaves contorted when dry, erect-spreading when moist, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly ligulate, 1.1–1.6 mm × 0.3–0.5 mm, rounded obtuse at apex; margins entire, plane; costa stout, percurrent or shortly excurrent, coarsely papillose on dorsal surface; upper leaf cells small, usually rounded-quadrate to hexagonal, 10–16 µm × 8–14 µm, rather thin-walled, obscure, multi-papillose or mammillose; basal cells differentiated, rectangular, 16–44 µm × 6–12 µm, smooth, hyaline. Gemmae present in leaf axils. Dioicous. Setae 5–10 mm long; capsules erect, oblong-ovoid to cylindrical; peristome teeth linear, erect, densely papillose; opercula conic -rostrate, with a long, oblique beak.

Type. India.

Chinese specimens examined: BEIJING: Z.-G. Tong 8 (PE). FUJIAN: You-xi Co., H.-T. Chen 3 (PE). GUANGDONG: Ding-hu Shan (Mt.), H. Wu 3 (PE); Guang-zhou City, H. Wu 23 (PE). HENAN: Nei-xiang Co., J.-X. Luo 140 (MO, PE); Xin-xiang City, J.-X. Luo 140 (PE). HONG KONG: Victoria Peak, Touw 21386 (L, MO). JIANGSU: Nan-jing City, P.-C. Chen 69 (PE). SICHUAN: Nan-chuan Co., M.-Z. Wang 860286 (PE). TAIWAN: Chan-an Chio, Sharp 1379 (NICH); Chia-yi Co., C.-K. Wang 0420 (NICH); Kao-hsiung City, C.-K. Wang 0970 (NICH); Miao-li Co., Nov. 20, 1977, S. Lin s.n. (MO, NICH); Ping-tung Co., C.-C. Chuang 916 (MO); Tao-yuan Co., C.-K. Wang 0849 (NICH); Tie-hsiang and Li-sue, Iwatsuki & Sharp 1384 (NICH). XIZANG: Bo-mi Co., Z.-X. Tan 13a (HKAS); Mo-tuo Co., Y.-G. Su 3593(2) (HKAS). YUNNAN: Gong-shan Co., M. Zang 3755 (HKAS); Meng-la Co., Redfearn et al. 33967 (MO); Yang-bi Co., Redfearn et al. 30 (MO).

Habitat: on rocks, forest ground, or on soil walls; Distribution: China, Japan, India, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Illustrations: Pl. 110, figs. 1–5.