2. Capparis L., Sp. Pl. 503. 1753. Gen. Pl., ed. 5. 222. 1754; Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 108. 1862; Boiss., Fl. Or. 1: 419. 1867; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind., 1: 173. 1872; Pax & Hoffm. in Engl. & Prantl. Natur. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2. 17b: 172. 1936; Jafri, in Pak. J. Forestry, 6: 191-202. 1956; M. Zohary, in Bull. Res. Counc. Israel, 8D: 49-64. 1960; J. Elffers et al in Hubbard & Milne-Redhead, Fl. Trop. East Africa, 58. 1964; B.S. Sun in Acta Phytotax. Sinica, 109-116. 1964; M. Jacobs in Blumea, 12: 385-541. 1965; Fl. Males. 6 (1) :5-25. 1960. Hedge & Lamond in Rech. f., Fl. Iranica, 68: 2-9. 1970.
S.M.H. Jafri
Shrubs, often climbing or sprawling, rarely small trees, glabrescent or hairy (mostly the young twigs) with simple to stellate hairs. Leaves simple, usually with a pair of stipular, often recurved, spines. Flowers often showy, hermaphrodite, solitary, racemose, corymbose or umbellate, axillary or terminal rarely supra axillary; bracts mostly present but early caducous. Sepals 4(-5), free or nearly so, often unequal, imbricate, sometimes the adaxial sepal more or less deeply saccate, inner pair of sepals always free, flattish. Petals 4(-5), imbricate, rather delicate, mostly obovate, usually caducous after anthesis, often unequal; receptacle (torus) flattish with a small adaxial disk; androphore absent; Stamens (5-) 20-indefinite, radiating, exceeding the petals, glabrous, inserted on the torus at the base of the gynophore. Gynophore generally as long as the stamens, not or hardly increasing in fruit but often thickened. Ovary globose or cylindrical, usually 1-locular with 2-8 (-10) placentas and few to many ovules; stigma sessile, mostly obscure. Fruit baccate on a more or less thickened stipe, with pericarp leathery or corky, rarely dehiscing, (perhaps due to pressure in herbarium press), generally globose to ellipsoid; seeds 1- many, embedded in pulp, obliquely reniform.
About 250 species in the tropics and subtropics of both the hemispheres, half of which are American. Hutchison (Gen. Fl. Pl. 2: 307. 1968) has split it into more than one genus, putting particular emphasis on the aestivation of calyx.
Of the 6 species reported from the present area, 3 belong to C. spinosa complex, one is widely distributed in the desert areas, and the occurrence of two in wild conditions is doubtful.
