Plants medium, dark green to blackish with age, in loose tufts. Stems 2--8 cm, simple, rarely branched, somewhat radiculose at or near the base. Leaves 6--10 mm, erect-spreading when dry, the blade spreading and recurved but not sharply reflexed when moist; sheath pale or yellowish, with tapering shoulders, hyaline-margined, the cells at the shoulders forming a differentiated hinge; marginal lamina plane or somewhat erect, 3--9 cells wide, sharply toothed from the apex almost to base of blade; blade lanceolate, sparsely toothed at back near the tip; costa excurrent, ending in short, reddish, toothed awn; lamellae (7--)20--40, crenulate in profile, 4--6 cells high, marginal cells often variable, in typically cuneate in section, flat-topped to shallowly retuse, not thick-walled, smooth; median sheath cells 80--100 × 8--12 μm (5:1), elongate-rectangular; sheath cells oblong-linear; cells of marginal lamina 12--16 μm, ± isodiametric; perichaetial leaves not much differentiated. Seta 2--8 cm, pale-yellowish. Capsules 3--5 mm, 4-angled, suberect to inclined, pale yellowish brown, slender and somewhat curved, tapering to the base, the hypophysis not or only weakly delimited; stomata in a band in the distal part of the hypophysis; exothecial cells not bulging or mammillose and without a central thin spot; peristome 240 μm high, divided to 0.6, the teeth ca. 50, pale. Spores 12--16 μm.

Soil, humus, rocks, moist coniferous or hardwood forests; middle to upper elevations; N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Maine, Mass., n Mich., n. Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Wis.; c Europe (and Scandinavia), Asia (Caucasus Mts., Altai Mts., w China, Russian Far East, Japan).

In eastern North America, Polytrichastrum pallidisetum is characteristically associated with spruce-fir forests, and areas formerly occupied by boreal coniferous forest and now occupied by mixed forests of the Northern Hardwoods type. An anomalous J. Macoun collection of P. pallidisetum, ostensibly from B.C., is almost certainly from Cape Breton, N.S. G. Derda et al. (1999) interpreted both this species and P. ohioense as allopolyploids, possibly intergeneric hybrids between a Polytrichastrum parent and a Polytrichum parent. The lamella of P. pallidisetum are crenulate in profile, the marginal cells in cross-section truncate to shallowly retuse. Seen from above, the edges of the lamellae resemble a string of beads (moniliform), as compared with P. ohioense, in which the lamellar margins are entire in profile, and parallel-sided when viewed from above. The marginal cells in a given cross-section vary from retuse to flat-topped to slightly convex, but are never deeply notched, nor are they divided, as sometimes seen in Polytrichum commune. The lamellae of P. commune are taller, 10--12 cells high, and the median sheath cells are elongate-rectangular to linear (to 20:1), compared to short-rectangular (about 5--7:1) in P. pallidisetum. When capsules are present, the two species can be separated without difficulty.