232. Arnoglossum Rafinesque, Fl. Ludov. 64. 1817.
Indian plantain [Greek arnos, lamb, and glossum, tongue; ancient name for some species of Plantago]
Loran C. Anderson
Conophora (de Candolle) Nieuwland; Mesadenia Rafinesque
Perennials, 30–300 cm. Stems usually 1, erect (unbranched proximal to heads). Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades palmately nerved, mostly cordate, deltate, elliptic, hastate, ovate, or reniform, sometimes lanceolate or lance-linear, margins entire, ± dentate to denticulate, sinuate, or lobed, faces usually glabrous. Heads discoid, in corymbiform arrays. Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric to turbinate, 2.5–5 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 5 in 1–2 series, erect (spreading in fruit), distinct, ovate or oblong to linear (midveins sometimes winged), ± equal, margins scarious (hyaline). Receptacles flat or convex (usually with central cusp 0.5–2 mm), foveolate, epaleate. Ray florets 0. Disc florets 5, bisexual, fertile; corollas usually creamy or greenish white, rarely purplish distally, tubes longer than to equaling campanulate to funnelform throats, lobes 5, spreading or recurved, lanceolate; style branches: stigmatic areas continuous, apices truncate or truncate-penicillate (appendages essentially 0). Cypselae clavate, cylindric, ellipsoid, or ± fusiform, (4–)10–15-ribbed or -nerved, glabrous (resinous); pappi persistent, fragile, or readily falling, of 100–120+, white, smooth or barbellate bristles. x = 28.
Species 8 (8 in the flora): e North America.
The name Cacalia Linnaeus has been misapplied to Arnoglossum.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Kral, R. and R. K. Godfrey. 1958. Synopsis of the Florida species of Cacalia. Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 21: 193–206. Pippen, R. W. 1978. Cacalia. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Ser. 2, part 10, pp. 151–159. Robinson, H. 1974b. Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae). VI. The genus Arnoglossum. Phytologia 28: 294–295.
