54. Hypochaeris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 810. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 352. 1754.
Cat’s ear, swine’s succory [Greek hypo, beneath, and choiras, pig, alluding to pigs digging for roots]
David J. Bogler
Annuals, biennials, or perennials, 10–60 cm; taprooted and with caudices. Stems 1–15, erect, branched or unbranched, glabrate or coarsely hirsute. Leaves basal or basal and proximally cauline; petiolate or sessile; blades oblanceolate to oblong or elliptic, margins entire or dentate to pinnately lobed (faces glabrous or hirsute). Heads borne singly or in loose, cymiform, paniculiform. or corymbiform arrays. Peduncles slightly inflated distally, minutely bracteate. Calyculi 0 (or indistinguishable from phyllaries) . Involucres cylindric or campanulate, 5–20 mm diam. (12–25 mm in fruit). Phyllaries 20–30 in 3–4 series, unequal. linear-lanceolate, glabrous, glabrate, or coarsely hirsute. Receptacles flat, slightly pitted, paleate; paleae linear to subulate, scarious. Florets 20–100+; corollas usually yellow or orange, sometimes grayish green or reddish abaxially, rarely white, (not deliquescent). Cypselae monomorphic (all beaked) or dimorphic (outer truncate, inner beaked), usually brown to golden, bodies ellipsoid or fusiform, ribs 4–5 or 10. faces ± muricate, otherwise glabrous; pappi persistent, of 40–60+, white to tan bristles in 1 (all plumose) or in 2 series (outer barbellate, shorter than plumose inner). x = 4, 5.
Species 60+ (4 in the flora): introduced; South America, s Europe, n Africa, Asia.
Hypochaeris is similar to and closely related to Leontodon, from which it is distinguished mainly by its paleate receptacles and unequal phyllaries. Plumose pappus bristles are characteristic of both Hypochaeris and Leontodon. Molecular studies indicate the South American species of Hypochaeris are a monophyletic group derived from European stock that has undergone a recent and rapid radiation in the New World (R. Samuel et al. 2003). Two South American species are found as weeds in the flora area.
SELECTED REFERENCE
Samuel, R. et al. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) based on ITS, plastid trnL intron, trnL-F spacer, and matK sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 90: 496–507.
