Lapland dandelion, pissenlit de Laponie

Taraxacum alukense R. Doll; T. ambigens Fernald; T. atroglaucum M. P. Christensen; T. campylodes G. E. Haglund; T. croceum Dahlstedt; T. curvidens M. P. Christensen; T. cyclocentrum M. P. Christensen; T. davidssonii M. P. Christensen; T. dilutisquameum M. P. Christensen; T. firmum Dahlstedt; T. latispinulosum M. P. Christensen; T. naevosum Dahlstedt; T. obtusatum Dahlstedt; T. pleniflorum M. P. Christensen; T. spectabile Dahlstedt; T. torngatense Fernald

Plants (3–)5–37(–47 in fruit) cm; taproots sometimes branched. Stems 1–5, erect to ascending, purplish, (usually exceeding leaves), glabrate to sparsely villous proximally, ± densely villous distally. Leaves 5–20, erect to patent, sometimes horizontal; sessile (bases sometimes as wide as blade) to ± broadly winged petiolate (occasionally slender on young or deeply shaded specimens, usually at least some ± winged); blades oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate (often runcinate), (3–)3.5–27 × 0.6–5 cm, bases usually cuneate, sometimes attenuate, margins regularly and shallowly lobed, sometimes ± deeply (not lacerate) to dentate, lobes mostly retrorse, usually triangular, sometimes deltate or lanceolate, ± acuminate, often replaced by teeth, teeth 0–5 on lobes or irregular, often coarse, triangular to lanceolate, ± acuminate, apices obtuse or acute to short-acuminate, faces glabrous or glabrate, midveins often sparsely villous. Calyculi of 10–12, spreading to eventually reflexed, often pale, sometimes purplish-tinged, lance-ovate to broadly lanceolate (thin) bractlets in 3 series, 5.5–9.5 × 1.8–2.7(–4.2) mm, margins not or narrowly scarious, apices long-acuminate, hornless. Involucres green to dark green, campanulate to cylindro-campanulate, 12–22 mm. Phyllaries 14–18 in 2 series, lanceolate, 1.4–3.2 mm wide, margins not or very narrowly scarious (outer) to narrowly scarious in proximal ¹/2 (inner), apices long-acuminate, hornless, tips ± hyaline, blackish and/or purplish, scarious. Florets 60–110+; corollas yellow (outer abaxially gray and/or purplish striped), 15–22 × 1.1–1.7 mm. Cypselae tan to reddish brown, bodies oblanceoloid, 2.8–3.5 mm, cones conic, 0.5–0.8 mm, beaks slender, 6.5–12 mm, ribs 4–5 prominent (to 13–15 fine), faces proximally smooth to occasionally slightly tuberculate, muricate in distal ¹/4–¹/3 (spines usually sparse); pappi white to cream, 5–7.5 mm. 2n = 32.

Flowering early summer. Arctic marshes, snow patches, moist areas or seepage slopes, with high organic contents, shores of rivers and brooks (south); 0–1100 m; Greenland; Nfld. and Labr., Nunavut, Que.; Eurasia.

Taraxacum lapponicum is an amphi-Atlantic taxon whose North American distribution lies in the eastern Arctic and boreal zones.

This species has the most controversial taxonomy. Barely distinguishable morphotypes have received species names, and the phenotypic plasticity of the taxon has not been taken into account in that process. In particular, it is often found in more shaded habitats than other dandelions in the south of its range, particularly when growing along streams in eastern Canada. The correct name to be applied to this species is controversial, and many European names have been applied to North American plants in the complex, sometimes without regard to the type. Here, I am recognizing a more widely defined species, using the name Taraxacum lapponicum, the one most often used in North America (correctly or not), pending more rigorous experimental study of variation in the complex.

The name Taraxacum islandiciforme Dahlstedt ex M. P. Chistiansen is invalid.