| 1 |
Leaf blade venation pinnate, with main lateral veins inserted distinctly above base, never peltate; petiole scars conspicuously discoid or cuplike |
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(2) |
| + |
Leaf blade venation palmate, with lowermost lateral veins inserted at base of blade or at petiole insertion if peltate, usually more prominent than other lateral veins; petiole scars not conspicuous |
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(4) |
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| 2 (1) |
Inner whorl of male sepals fused into tube, 5-7 mm; stamens 18-27, fused into conical synandrium; female infructescence usually 1-flowered; drupe with style scar close to base; lateral veins 3-5 pairs. |
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3 Albertisia |
| + |
Male sepals all free, imbricate, 1.5-2.8 mm; stamens 4-18, free or with only filaments fused; female inflorescence with several flowers; drupe with style scar distant from base; lateral veins 5-10 pairs |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Stamens (2-)4-11(-18), filaments fused for most of length; drupe 1.1-2 cm, not stipitate. |
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1 Pycnarrhena |
| + |
Stamens 6, filaments free; drupe 2.5-3 cm, with ca. 1.5 cm stipe. |
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2 Eleutharrhena |
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| 4 (1) |
Flowers and fruits in pedunculate umbel-like cymes or discoid heads, these often in compound umbels, sometimes forming a terminal thyrse by reduction of apical leaves, rarely a slender axillary thyrse of heads (Stephania tetrandra). |
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17 Stephania |
| + |
Flowers and fruits in cymes, these flat-topped or in elongated thyrses, sometimes racemelike |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Adaxial leaf surface very finely and closely striate; inflorescence racemose, on leafless stems, usually ferruginous tomentose; male flower with 3 pistillodes; petals 2-2.5(-3.5) mm, deeply emarginate. |
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5 Tinomiscium |
| + |
Adaxial leaf surface not striate; inflorescence cymose, sometimes racemelike but with flowers in small cymes or fascicles; male flower without pistillodes; petals 0.2-2 mm (rarely to 2.5 mm in Tinospora crispa) |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Plant male |
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(7) |
| + |
Plant female (based mainly on fruits, female flowers of several taxa not seen) |
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(20) |
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| 7 (6) |
Stamens fused into ± peltate synandrium with anthers in a marginal ring |
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(8) |
| + |
Stamens free or with filaments fused at base only, anthers free, not fused into ring |
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(11) |
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| 8 (7) |
Leaves not peltate |
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(9) |
| + |
Leaves peltate |
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(10) |
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| 9 (8) |
Inflorescence longer than leaves, up to 30(-50) cm; sepals usually 12 in 4 whorls, outermost minute, inner whorls spatulate to obovate. |
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7 Aspidocarya |
| + |
Inflorescence shorter than leaves, 3-10 cm; sepals 6 in 2 whorls, subequal. |
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9 Parabaena |
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| 10 (8) |
Petals connate into cup; sepals free; inflorescence a pedunculate flat-topped cyme. |
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18 Cissampelos |
| + |
Petals connate or free, rarely absent; sepals usually connate, rarely free; inflorescence a slender axillary racemelike or paniclelike thyrse. |
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19 Cyclea |
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| 11 (7) |
Petals absent |
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(12) |
| + |
Petals present |
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(13) |
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| 12 (11) |
Inflorescence 5-8 cm; stamens 9-12, in a sessile cluster; wood not yellow. |
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4 Arcangelisia |
| + |
Inflorescence to 30 cm; stamens 3 or 6, free, filaments thick with a prominent collar below anther; wood yellow. |
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6 Fibraurea |
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| 13 (11) |
Stems herbaceous; stamens 12-18[-36]. |
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16 Menispermum |
| + |
Stems woody; stamens 5-10(-12) |
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(14) |
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| 14 (13) |
Sepals 7-12, spiral, not in distinct whorls. |
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10 Hypserpa |
| + |
Sepals in 2 or 3 distinct whorls of 3 or 4 |
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(15) |
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| 15 (14) |
Leaf blade never lobed, with main basal veins and their outer branches leading directly to margin |
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(16) |
| + |
Leaf blade lobed or, if not lobed, with main basal veins dividing or fusing before reaching margin |
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(17) |
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| 16 (15) |
Sepals unmarked, outer whorl much smaller than inner whorl. |
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11 Pericampylus |
| + |
Sepals with prominent dark reticulum when dried, outer whorl subequal to inner whorl. |
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12 Diploclisia |
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| 17 (15) |
Petal apex 2-lobed. |
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13 Cocculus |
| + |
Petal apex not lobed |
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(18) |
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| 18 (17) |
Inflorescences not appearing with leaves, glabrous. |
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8 Tinospora |
| + |
Inflorescences borne with leaves, pubescent to tomentose |
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(19) |
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| 19 (18) |
Flowers sessile or subsessile; stamens 6, anthers dehiscing transversely. |
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14 Pachygone |
| + |
Flowers clearly pedicellate; stamens 9(or 12), anthers dehiscing longitudinally, nearly apically. |
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15 Sinomenium |
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| 20 (6) |
Material with fruits |
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(21) |
| + |
Material with female flowers (female flowers are not known for Arcangelisia and Fibraurea in China) |
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(34) |
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| 21 (20) |
Seed and seed cavity straight, sometimes broad and concave |
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(22) |
| + |
Seed and seed cavity strongly curved, crescent- or horseshoe-shaped to almost ringlike |
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(26) |
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| 22 (21) |
Drupe 2.2-5.5 cm with style scar on one side, borne on clavate carpophore to 4 cm; endocarp with fibrous covering and apparently hairy; leaf blade with abaxial domatia in axils of main veins. |
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4 Arcangelisia |
| + |
Drupe with terminal style scar; endocarp smooth or sculptured, not fibrous; leaf blade usually without domatia, or only present in basal vein axils |
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(23) |
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| 23 (22) |
Endocarp clearly spiny. |
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9 Parabaena |
| + |
Endocarp ± smooth or rugose to bluntly papillate |
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(24) |
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| 24 (23) |
Lowermost lateral veins of leaf blade arising several mm above base; endocarp subellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm, condyle forming narrow groove adaxially; inflorescence a lax panicle with branches to 12 cm; wood yellow. |
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6 Fibraurea |
| + |
Lowermost lateral veins truly basal; endocarp flattened and without condyle or subglobose with condyle forming adaxial cavity with a central opening; inflorescence a narrow panicle with branches to 3 cm; wood not yellow |
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(25) |
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| 25 (24) |
Endocarp flattened and without conspicuous condyle. |
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7 Aspidocarya |
| + |
Endocarp subglobose with condyle forming adaxial cavity with a central opening. |
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8 Tinospora |
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| 26 (21) |
Carpel 1 |
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(27) |
| + |
Carpels 2-6 |
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(28) |
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| 27 (26) |
Bracts persistent and accrescent to 1.5 cm, often concealing much smaller fruits. |
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18 Cissampelos |
| + |
Bracts minute, much smaller than fruits. |
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19 Cyclea |
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| 28 (26) |
Inflorescences on old woody stems or superaxillary on leafy shoots. |
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12 Diploclisia |
| + |
Inflorescences axillary on leafy stems |
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(29) |
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| 29 (28) |
Endocarp almost smooth with a small central perforation; seed with large cotyledons, endosperm absent. |
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14 Pachygone |
| + |
Endocarp usually clearly sculptured; seed with slender cotyledons, endosperm copious |
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(30) |
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| 30 (29) |
Leaves peltate; endocarp ca. 10 mm in diam., rather flattened. |
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16 Menispermum |
| + |
Leaves never peltate; endocarp 4-8 mm in diam., not obviously flattened |
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(31) |
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| 31 (30) |
Endocarp laterally concave, condyle lamella-shaped or disciform, not perforate or with small eccentric perforation |
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(32) |
| + |
Endocarp with thick hollow condyle, often perforate |
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(33) |
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| 32 (31) |
Leaf blade never lobed, main basal veins and their outer branches leading directly to margin; endocarp abaxially covered with short pointed processes. |
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11 Pericampylus |
| + |
Leaf blade lobed or, if not lobed, main basal veins and their outer branches divided or fused before reaching margin; endocarp with abaxial and lateral ridged crests. |
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15 Sinomenium |
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| 33 (31) |
Carpels 2 or 3; drupes 6-8 mm. |
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10 Hypserpa |
| + |
Carpels 3 or 6; drupes 4-5 mm. |
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13 Cocculus |
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| 34 (20) |
Petals absent |
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(35) |
| + |
Petals present |
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(36) |
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| 35 (34) |
Leaf blade abaxially with hollow domatia in axils of main veins; wood not yellow. |
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4 Arcangelisia |
| + |
Leaf blade abaxially without domatia; wood yellow. |
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6 Fibraurea |
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| 36 (34) |
Petals apically 2-lobed |
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(37) |
| + |
Petals apically entire |
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(38) |
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| 37 (36) |
Sepals with black and striped marks, outer whorl subequal to inner whorl; leaf blade ca. as long as wide. |
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12 Diploclisia |
| + |
Sepals without black marks, outer whorl much smaller than inner whorl; leaf blade often conspicuously longer than wide. |
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13 Cocculus |
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| 38 (36) |
Sepals and petals 1 or 2; carpels 1; leaves often peltate |
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(39) |
| + |
Sepals and petals each 3 or more; carpels 3; leaves usually not peltate (peltate in Menispermum and Parabaena) |
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(40) |
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| 39 (38) |
Bracts leaflike, overlapping along rachis. |
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18 Cissampelos |
| + |
Bracts inconspicuous, not overlapping. |
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19 Cyclea |
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| 40 (38) |
Sepals spiral |
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(41) |
| + |
Sepals whorled |
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(42) |
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| 41 (40) |
Petals 4 or 5; staminodes absent; leaves not peltate. |
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10 Hypserpa |
| + |
Petals 6-9; staminodes 6-12; leaves peltate. |
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16 Menispermum |
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| 42 (40) |
Leaves obviously peltate. |
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14 Pachygone |
| + |
Leaves not or only very narrowly peltate |
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(43) |
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| 43 (42) |
Inner and outer sepals subequal. |
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9 Parabaena |
| + |
Inner sepals much larger than outer |
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(44) |
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| 44 (43) |
Sepals 6 in 2 whorls |
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(45) |
| + |
Sepals 8-12 in 3 or 4 whorls |
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(46) |
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| 45 (44) |
Staminodes 9; style curved outward, stigma expanded and lobed. |
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15 Sinomenium |
| + |
Staminodes 6; style short, fat and thick, stigma reflexed with short pointed lobes. |
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8 Tinospora |
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| 46 (44) |
Inflorescence a cyme; staminodes filamentous. |
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11 Pericampylus |
| + |
Inflorescence a panicle, usually very long; staminodes clavate. |
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7 Aspidocarya |
