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8. Epimedium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 117. 1753.
淫羊藿属 yin yang huo shu
Authors: Junsheng Ying, David E. Boufford & Anthony R. Brach
Aceranthus C. Morren & Decaisne; Vindicta Rafinesque.
Herbs, perennial, deciduous or evergreen. Rhizome sympodial, short or horizontally creeping, stout. Stems solitary or caespitose, glabrous, squamate at base. Leaves basal or cauline, simple or compound; petioles of basal leaves longer than those of cauline; leaflets ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or suborbicular, basally cordate, lateral lobes asymmetric, with outer basal lobe longer than inner, usually spiny on margin, apex acute or acuminate. Flowering stem leafless or with 1-4 leaves, opposite or rarely alternate. Inflorescence simple or compound, with terminal raceme or panicle, few or many flowered, glabrous or glandular. Flowers dimerous. Sepals 8 in 2 whorls; inner sepals petaloid. Petals 4, flat, or saccate and prolonged outward into nectariferous pouches or spurs shorter or longer than sepals. Stamens 4, opposite petals; filaments glabrous; anthers dehiscing by 2 oblong valves, curling upward; pollen grains elliptic, smooth, with 3 longitudinal furrows. Ovary with parietal placentation; ovules 6-15; style slender; stigma slightly dilated. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds with conspicuous fleshy aril. 2n = 12.
About 50 species: China, India (W Himalaya), Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East), S Europe, and N Africa; 41 species (40 endemic) in China; eight additional species (seven endemic) are insufficiently known.
See Stearn, The Genus Epimedium and Other Herbaceous Berberidaceae [hereafter Gen. Epimedium]. 2002. Epimedium cavaleriei H. Léveillé (Cat. Pl. Yun-Nan, 18. 1916) is a synonym of Stauntonia cavalerieana Gagnepain (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 47. 1908) in the Lardizabalaceae (see Fl. China 6: 452. 2001).
Also see post-FOC publication: Zhang, Y. J. et al. 2011. A taxonomic revision of unifoliate Chinese Epimedium L. (Berberidaceae). Kew Bull. 66: 253-262.
Insufficiently known species
- Epimedium baojingense Q. L. Chen & B. M. Yang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 482. 1982 ["baojingensis"].
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Epimedium baojingense is known only from the type gathering (Hunan: Baojing County, Lüdong Shan, 23 Apr 1956, B. M. Yang 34, holotype, HNNU). As mentioned by Stearn (Gen. Epimedium, 113. 2002), E. baojingense has stem leaves with only a single leaflet, as in E. simplicifolium. It is reported to differ from E. simplicifolium by having a simple inflorescence with dark yellow hairs.
- Epimedium campanulatum Ogisu, Kew Bull. 51: 401. 1996.
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According to the author, Epimedium campanulatum is morphologically similar to E. ecalcaratum G. Y. Zhong and E. platypetalum K. I. Meyer. Epimedium campanulatum is reported to differ from E. ecalcaratum in having 1 or 2 leaves per flowering stem, and basal and cauline leaves with only 3, never 5 or 7, leaflets. Epimedium campanulatum differs from E. platypetalum in having compact or shortly creeping rhizomes and compound, rarely simple, inflorescences. It flowers in mid to late May and occurs at ca. 2000 m in Sichuan (Dujiangyan).
- Epimedium grandiflorum C. Morren, Belgique Hort. 2: 141. 1852.
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Epimedium grandiflorum was described from cultivated plants brought to Belgium (Ghent) from Japan by Philipp Franz von Siebold in 1830. Stearn includes in the range of E. grandiflorum "southern Manchuria," but we have seen no specimens from China. The reports of E. grandiflorum in the Flora of Anhui (see X. H. Qian, Fl. Anhui 2: 346. 1986) and Flora of Zhejiang (see C. S. Ding, Fl. Zhejiang 2: 307-320. 1992) are probably based on plants here treated as E. koreanum.
- Epimedium jingzhouense G. H. Xia & G. Y. Li, Nordic J. Bot. 27: 472. 2009.
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Epimedium jingzhouense is known only from the type gathering (Hunan: Jingzhou County, Pukou village, 300 m, 8 Apr 2008, Xia et al. s.n., holotype, ZJFC).
- Epimedium pseudowushanense B. L. Guo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 45: 814. 2007.
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According to the authors, Epimedium pseudowushanense is morphologically similar to E. wushanense but differs in flower structure. It differs from E. mikinorii in having leaves abaxially villous and glaucous, more slender spurs, 10-15 mm, inner sepals broadly ovate or ovate, and purplish or yellow petals with purple lamina. Its flowering time is from Mar-Apr, fruiting is in May, and it occurs at 900-1400 m in Guangxi and Guizhou.
- Epimedium pudingense S. Z. He, Y. Y. Wang & B. L. Guo, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 47: 226. 2010.
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Epimedium pudingense is known only from the type gathering (Guizhou: Puding County, 1300 m, 13 Apr 1995, S. Z. He 95413, holotype, HGCM).
- Epimedium qingchengshanense G. Y. Zhong & B. L. Guo, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 45: 817. 2007.
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Epimedium qingchengshanense is reported to differ from E. fargesii in having smaller flowers but larger rounded petal lamina and purple filaments. Its flowering time is from May-Jun and it occurs at 900-1500 m in Sichuan (Qingcheng Shan).
- Epimedium shennongjiaense Yan J. Zhang & J. Q. Li, Novon 19: 567. 2009 ["shennongjiaensis"].
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Epimedium shennongjiaense is known only from the type gathering (Hubei: cultivated at Wuhan Botanical Garden from material collected at Muyuping, Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, 30 Mar 2007, Y. J. Zhang 148, holotype, HIB; isotype, HIB).
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| 1 |
Leaves simple |
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(2) |
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Leaves compound |
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(5) |
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| 2 (1) |
Inflorescences panicles. |
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1 E. simplicifolium |
| + |
Inflorescences racemes |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Petals without spurs; stem leaf 1; plant 15-25 cm tall. |
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2 E. parvifolium |
| + |
Petals with spurs; stem leaves 2, opposite; plant 20-60 cm tall |
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(4) |
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| 4 (3) |
Leaf blade oblong to suborbicular; sepals 4 in 1 whorl; petals purple, saccate. |
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3 E. zhushanense |
| + |
Leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic; sepals 8 in 2 whorls; petals yellow, horn-shaped. |
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4 E. glandulosopilosum |
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| 5 (1) |
Petals without spurs |
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(6) |
| + |
Petals with spurs |
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(14) |
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| 6 (5) |
Flowering stem leaf 1. |
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5 E. platypetalum |
| + |
Flowering stem leaves 2-4 |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Flowering stem leaves 2 |
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(8) |
| + |
Flowering stem leaves 2-4 |
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(11) |
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| 8 (7) |
Rachis and pedicels glandular pubescent; leaflets abaxially pubescent or tomentose. |
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6 E. pubescens |
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Rachis and pedicels glabrous; leaflets abaxially glabrous or strigose |
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(9) |
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| 9 (8) |
Base of terminal leaflet truncate or rounded; petals suborbicular, apex slightly involute, ca. 1 mm. |
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7 E. truncatum |
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Base of terminal leaflet cordate; petals saccate, 1.5-4 mm |
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(10) |
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| 10 (9) |
Apex of terminal leaflet unlobed; apex of sepals unlobed. |
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8 E. sagittatum |
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Apex of terminal leaflet 2-5-lobed; apex of sepals 2-lobed. |
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9 E. lobophyllum |
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| 11 (7) |
Rachis and pedicels glandular pubescent; leaves 3(or 5 or 7)-foliolate; inner sepals purple. |
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10 E. ecalcaratum |
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Rachis and pedicels glabrous; leaves trifoliolate; inner sepals white |
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(12) |
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| 12 (11) |
Leaflets lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, abaxially lanose; petals flat, apex slightly involute. |
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11 E. borealiguizhouense |
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Leaflets ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, abaxially strigose; petals saccate |
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(13) |
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| 13 (12) |
Inflorescence 70-210-flowered; inner sepals ovate; petals orange-yellow and red; leaflets 5-11 mm. |
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12 E. myrianthum |
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Inflorescence 300-400-flowered; inner sepals lanceolate; petals pale yellow; leaflets 12-14 mm. |
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13 E. multiflorum |
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| 14 (5) |
Inflorescences racemes |
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(15) |
| + |
Inflorescences panicles |
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(28) |
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| 15 (14) |
Flowering stem leaf 1 |
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(16) |
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Flowering stem leaves 2 |
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(20) |
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| 16 (15) |
Leaves biternate, leaflets 9. |
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14 E. koreanum |
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Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets 3 or 5 |
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(17) |
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| 17 (16) |
Leaflets 5 (occasionally 3), abaxially glabrous. |
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15 E. flavum |
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Leaflets 3, abaxially pubescent |
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(18) |
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| 18 (17) |
Spurs 2.2-2.6 cm; inner sepals pale rose. |
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16 E. brachyrrhizum |
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Spurs shorter than 2 cm; inner sepals white |
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(19) |
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| 19 (18) |
Leaflets narrowly ovate or ovate, abaxially pubescent along midvein; inner sepals narrowly elliptic, 11-20 mm. |
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17 E. leptorrhizum |
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Leaflets ovate or suborbicular, abaxially puberulent; inner sepals lanceolate, ca. 12 mm. |
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18 E. pauciflorum |
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| 20 (15) |
Rachis and pedicels glandular pubescent |
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(21) |
| + |
Rachis and pedicels glabrous |
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(24) |
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| 21 (20) |
Inner sepals narrowly lanceolate, white or pinkish, reflexed; spurs shorter than inner sepals. |
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24 E. fargesii |
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Inner sepals ovate or narrowly ovate, pale yellow, not reflexed; spurs longer than inner sepals |
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(22) |
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| 22 (21) |
Leaflets ovate or broadly ovate; spurs 7-12 mm, not curved. |
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25 E. enshiense |
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Leaflets narrowly ovate; spurs 20-25 mm, curved |
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(23) |
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| 23 (22) |
Leaflets abaxially strigose; inner sepals narrowly ovate, apex acuminate. |
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26 E. franchetii |
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Leaflets abaxially villous or subglabrous; inner sepals suboblong, apex acute. |
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27 E. lishihchenii |
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| 24 (20) |
Inner sepals ovate; leaflets abaxially strigose |
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(25) |
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Inner sepals elliptic, lanceolate, or cymbiform; leaflets abaxially puberulent or glabrous |
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(26) |
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| 25 (24) |
Spurs 4-5 mm, pale yellow, curved; bracts spinulose-serrulate; leaflets abaxially appressed whitish puberulent. |
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19 E. shuichengense |
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Spurs 15-16 mm, purple, slightly curved; bracts entire; leaflets abaxially glaucous, with sparse minute prostrate hairs. |
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20 E. epsteinii |
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| 26 (24) |
Leaflets abaxially glabrous; inner sepals cymbiform, reddish; petals pale yellow. |
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21 E. fangii |
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Leaflets abaxially puberulent; inner sepals elliptic or lanceolate, white; petals white |
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(27) |
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| 27 (26) |
Pedicels 2.5-5 cm; inner sepals elliptic; spurs horn-shaped, slightly curved, ca. 2.5 cm. |
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22 E. latisepalum |
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Pedicels 2-3 cm; inner sepals lanceolate; spurs subulate, curved, 1.5-1.8 cm. |
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23 E. ogisui |
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| 28 (14) |
Leaves biternately compound, leaflets 9, occasionally 5 |
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(29) |
| + |
Leaves ternately compound, leaflets 3 or 5 |
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(30) |
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| 29 (28) |
Flowering stem leaves 2, 9-foliolate; flowers white or pale yellow; spurs shorter than inner sepals, ca. 2 mm. |
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40 E. brevicornu |
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Flowering stem leaves 3, 9-foliolate or occasionally 5-foliolate; flowers yellow; spurs longer than inner sepals, ca. 15 mm. |
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41 E. elongatum |
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| 30 (28) |
Leaflets 5, rarely 3. |
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28 E. davidii |
| + |
Leaflets 3 |
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(31) |
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| 31 (30) |
Rachis and pedicels glabrous |
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(32) |
| + |
Rachis and pedicels, or only pedicels, glandular pubescent |
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(35) |
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| 32 (31) |
Leaflets abaxially glabrous |
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(33) |
| + |
Leaflets abaxially hairy |
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(34) |
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| 33 (32) |
Leaflet margin remotely spinose-serrate; spur of petals much shorter than inner sepals, curved, blunt. |
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29 E. dolichostemon |
| + |
Leaflet margin closely spinose-serrulate; spur of petals longer than inner sepals, slightly curved, subulate. |
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30 E. mikinorii |
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| 34 (32) |
Leaflets abaxially strigose, margin undulate; inner sepals ovate, pale green. |
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31 E. chlorandrum |
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Leaflets abaxially lanate or glabrous, margin flat; inner sepals broadly elliptic, pale yellow. |
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32 E. wushanense |
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| 35 (31) |
Spur of petals shorter than inner sepals |
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(36) |
| + |
Spur of petals longer than inner sepals |
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(37) |
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| 36 (35) |
Leaflets abaxially conspicuously puberulent; inner sepals lanceolate, ca. 12 mm; spur of petals brown. |
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33 E. stellulatum |
| + |
Leaflets glabrous or pilose along veins; inner sepals elliptic, ca. 6 mm; spur of petals yellow. |
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34 E. reticulatum |
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| 37 (35) |
Leaflets lanceolate, margins undulate-sinuate and sparsely spinose-serrate; outer sepals apically emarginate. |
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35 E. ilicifolium |
| + |
Leaflets ovate to lanceolate, margins flat; outer sepals apically entire |
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(38) |
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| 38 (37) |
Leaflets ovate to lanceolate, abaxially densely strigose. |
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36 E. acuminatum |
| + |
Leaflets ovate, abaxially sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous |
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(39) |
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| 39 (38) |
Leaflets abaxially glaucescent, terminal leaflet oblong; spurs straight. |
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37 E. hunanense |
| + |
Leaflets abaxially glaucous, terminal leaflet ovate; spurs curved |
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(40) |
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| 40 (39) |
Inner sepals narrowly ovate, ca. 6 mm; spurs 20-35 mm, pale yellow; inflorescence a panicle; blade length:width ratio 2. |
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38 E. rhizomatosum |
| + |
Inner sepals narrowly lanceolate, 15-17 mm; spurs 15-20 mm, pale purplish red; inflorescence a raceme; blade length:width ratio 2.5. |
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39 E. sutchuenense |
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List of lower taxa
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