| 1 |
Leaf blades flat or loosely involute; panicle usually loose, open, more than 10 cm (infrequently contracted or shorter) |
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(2) |
| + |
Leaf blades folded or tightly involute; panicle usually contracted, narrow or spikelike (F. subg. Festuca) |
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(32) |
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| 2 (1) |
Lemmas awnless or mucronate, mucro less than 2 mm (except F. altaica with membranous glumes) (species nos. 1–8: F. subg. Drymanthele V. I. Kreczetowicz & Bobrov; species nos. 9–13: F. subg. Leucopoa (Grisebach) Hackel) |
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(3) |
| + |
Lemmas awned, awn more than 2 mm (if awnless, falcate auricles present) |
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(15) |
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| 3 (2) |
Ligule 1.5–5 mm; lemmas awnless |
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(4) |
| + |
Ligule 0.1–1(–1.5) mm; lemmas awnless or mucronate |
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(8) |
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| 4 (3) |
Panicle 7–9 cm; spikelets 17–18 mm; florets 9–10. |
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1 F. sinomutica |
| + |
Panicle more than 15 cm; spikelets less than 15 mm; florets 3–5 |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Spikelets 6–7 mm; first lemma ca. 5 mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. |
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4 F. changduensis |
| + |
Spikelets 7–15 mm; first lemma 7–11 mm; anthers 2.5–4 mm |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Leaf sheaths smooth, glabrous or scabrid; anthers 3–4 mm; ovary apex glabrous. |
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5 F. dolichantha |
| + |
Leaf sheaths with retrorse hairs at base; anthers 2.5–3.2(–3.5) mm, ovary apex hairy |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Lemma punctiform or scabrid, veins 5; ovary usually densely hairy. |
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2 F. modesta |
| + |
Lemma smooth, veins 3; ovary sparsely hairy. |
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3 F. handelii |
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| 8 (3) |
Spikelets 4–5.5 mm; glumes ovate; first lemma 3.5–4 mm. |
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6 F. japonica |
| + |
Spikelets more than 6 mm; glumes lanceolate; first lemma more than 6 mm |
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(9) |
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| 9 (8) |
Leaf sheaths not conspicuous at base; anthers less than 2 mm |
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(10) |
| + |
Leaf sheaths conspicuous at base, persistent; anthers more than 2 mm (F. subg. Leucopoa (Grisebach) Hackel) |
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(11) |
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| 10 (9) |
Lower glume 5–6 mm, upper glume 7–8 mm; anthers 1.2–1.8 mm. |
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7 F. sinensis |
| + |
Lower glume 2–3.5(–4.5) mm, upper glume 3.5–4.5(–6) mm; anthers 1–1.2 mm. |
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8 F. undata |
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| 11 (9) |
Plants usually dioecious; ovary apex densely hairy |
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(12) |
| + |
Plants bisexual; ovary apex thinly hairy |
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(13) |
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| 12 (11) |
Basal sheaths glossy straw-colored, not becoming fibrous; shoots intravaginal. |
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9 F. olgae |
| + |
Basal sheaths light gray or brownish, becoming fibrous; some shoots extravaginal. |
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10 F. sibirica |
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| 13 (11) |
Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands absent in leaf blade cross section. |
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11 F. tristis |
| + |
Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands present in leaf blade cross section |
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(14) |
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| 14 (13) |
First lemma 7–9 mm; lemmas scabrid, veins prominent; leaf blades pubescent on adaxial surface. |
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12 F. altaica |
| + |
First lemma 6–6.5 mm; lemmas smooth or only upper part scabrid, veins weak; leaf blades scaberulous on adaxial surface. |
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13 F. alatavica |
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| 15 (2) |
Auricles usually absent, if present small (F. subg. Subulatae (Tzvelev) E. B. Alexeev) |
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(16) |
| + |
Auricles present, lanceolate, falcately curved or erect (F. subg. Schedonorus (P. Beauvois) Petermann) |
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(24) |
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| 16 (15) |
Ovary apex glabrous or rarely sparsely hairy; leaf blades sometimes involute |
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(17) |
| + |
Ovary apex densely hairy; leaf blades always flat |
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(21) |
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| 17 (16) |
Awns ca. 5 mm or less; anthers more than 2.5 mm |
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(18) |
| + |
Awns usually more than 5 mm; anthers less than 2.2 mm |
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(19) |
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| 18 (17) |
Lower glume 5–6 mm, upper glume 6–7 mm; anthers 3.5–4 mm; ovary apex glabrous. |
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14 F. pubiglumis |
| + |
Lower glume 3.8–4.2 mm, upper glume 5.3–5.7 mm; anthers 2.5–3.5 mm; ovary apex sparsely hairy. |
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15 F. yunnanensis |
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| 19 (17) |
Panicle branches usually paired; anthers 1.2–2 mm; adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands absent in leaf blade cross section. |
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16 F. fascinata |
| + |
Panicle branches usually single; anthers 1.8–2.2 mm; adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands present in leaf blade cross section |
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(20) |
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| 20 (19) |
Lower glume 6–6.5 mm, upper glume 8.5–9 mm. |
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17 F. longiglumis |
| + |
Lower glume 3–4.5 mm, upper glume 5–6 mm. |
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18 F. vierhapperi |
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| 21 (16) |
Lower glume ovate, 1–1.8 mm; upper glume ovate, 2.2–3 mm. |
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19 F. parvigluma |
| + |
Lower glume lanceolate, 1.5–4.5 mm; upper glume broadly lanceolate, 2.5–6 mm |
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(22) |
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| 22 (21) |
Lemma apex entire or slightly notched; awn 4–8 mm. |
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20 F. extremiorientalis |
| + |
Lemma apex distinctly notched; awn usually more than 8 mm |
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(23) |
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| 23 (22) |
Florets 2–3; anthers 1–1.2(–1.6) mm. |
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21 F. leptopogon |
| + |
Florets 4–6; anthers 1.7–2 mm. |
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22 F. elata |
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| 24 (15) |
Auricles erect; anthers 1.5–2.2 mm |
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(25) |
| + |
Auricles falcately curved; anthers 2.5–4 mm |
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(26) |
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| 25 (24) |
Panicle 15–25 cm; lemma apex 2-lobed; awn 6–8 mm; ovary apex hairy. |
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23 F. scabriflora |
| + |
Panicle 5–7 cm; lemma apex entire; awn 2–3 mm; ovary apex glabrous. |
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24 F. chayuensis |
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| 26 (24) |
Lemma awnless or awn 0.7–3(–5) mm |
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(27) |
| + |
Lemma awned, awn more than 5 mm |
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(29) |
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| 27 (26) |
Ligule 1.8–2 mm. |
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25 F. formosana |
| + |
Ligule 0.3–1 mm |
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(28) |
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| 28 (27) |
Auricle margins ciliate. |
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26 F. arundinacea |
| + |
Auricle margins glabrous. |
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27 F. pratensis |
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| 29 (26) |
Panicle loose, open; branches flexuous |
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(30) |
| + |
Panicle narrow, spikelike; branches stiff |
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(31) |
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| 30 (29) |
Leaf blades 4–18 mm wide; rachilla scabrid; anthers 2–3 mm. |
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28 F. gigantea |
| + |
Leaf blades 2.5–4 mm wide; rachilla smooth; anthers 3.6–4 mm. |
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29 F. liangshanica |
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| 31 (29) |
Culms with 2 nodes. |
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30 F. durata |
| + |
Culms with 3–4 nodes. |
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31 F. mazzettiana |
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| 32 (1) |
Plants usually loosely tufted with extravaginal shoots; leaf blade cross section with five or more well-defined ribs; sclerenchyma strands five or more; panicle rather loose |
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(33) |
| + |
Plants usually densely tufted with intravaginal shoots; leaf blade cross section with only midrib or also two lateral ribs well defined; sclerenchyma strands three (if 5–7, lateral strands small) or a continuous subepidermal layer; panicle contracted or spikelike |
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(43) |
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| 33 (32) |
Lemma awnless. |
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32 F. jacutica |
| + |
Lemma awned |
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(34) |
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| 34 (33) |
Awn 5–8 mm. |
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33 F. stapfii |
| + |
Awn 0.5–5(–6) mm |
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(35) |
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| 35 (34) |
Rachilla internodes ca. 2 mm; ovary apex densely hairy. |
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34 F. kashmiriana |
| + |
Rachilla internodes ca. 1 mm; ovary apex sparsely hairy or glabrous |
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(36) |
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| 36 (35) |
Ovary apex sparsely hairy; awns 0.5–2 mm |
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(37) |
| + |
Ovary apex glabrous; awns 1–5 mm (if less, lemmas densely pubescent) |
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(39) |
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| 37 (36) |
Anthers 2.7–3.7 mm. |
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35 F. georgii |
| + |
Anthers less than 2.5 mm |
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(38) |
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| 38 (37) |
Anthers 0.5–1 mm. |
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36 F. nitidula |
| + |
Anthers 1.8–2.4 mm. |
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37 F. amblyodes |
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| 39 (36) |
Panicle compact, narrow; culms 18–30 cm tall |
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(40) |
| + |
Panicle open, ± loose; culms 30–100 cm tall |
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(42) |
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| 40 (39) |
Spikelets 8–10 mm; lemmas smooth. |
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38 F. yulungschanica |
| + |
Spikelets 5–8 mm; lemmas scabrid |
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(41) |
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| 41 (40) |
Plants with intravaginal shoots; leaf sheaths 0.4–0.6 mm; spikelets 7–8 mm. |
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39 F. kansuensis |
| + |
Plants with extravaginal shoots; leaf sheaths 0.1–0.3 mm; spikelets 5–6 mm. |
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40 F. subalpina |
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| 42 (39) |
Basal vegetative shoots short and dense; leaf blades always folded; awn 3–7 mm. |
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41 F. forrestii |
| + |
Basal vegetative shoots long and loose; leaf blades somewhat flat or folded; awn 1–3 mm. |
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42 F. rubra |
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| 43 (32) |
Lemmas awnless |
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(44) |
| + |
Lemmas awned |
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(45) |
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| 44 (43) |
Glumes pubescent; anthers ca. 1.5 mm. |
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43 F. chelungkiangnica |
| + |
Glumes glabrous; anthers 2–3 mm. |
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44 F. dahurica |
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| 45 (43) |
Sclerenchyma in leaf blade cross section in a continuous layer |
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(46) |
| + |
Sclerenchyma in leaf blade cross section in discrete strands |
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(48) |
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| 46 (45) |
Anthers 2–3.4 mm; leaf blade cross section with 3–5 well-defined ribs. |
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45 F. trachyphylla |
| + |
Anthers 1.5–2.2 mm; leaf blade cross section with only midrib well defined |
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(47) |
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| 47 (46) |
Spikelets 8–9 mm; lemmas 5.5–5.7 mm. |
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46 F. hondae |
| + |
Spikelets 4–6 mm; lemmas 3–4(–5) mm. |
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47 F. ovina |
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| 48 (45) |
Leaf blades with 5–7 sclerenchyma strands, including 2–4 small lateral strands |
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(49) |
| + |
Leaf blades with three sclerenchyma strands (one at midrib, two at ends of leaf) |
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(50) |
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| 49 (48) |
Plant densely tufted; glume margins glabrous; anthers 0.7–1.1 mm. |
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48 F. brachyphylla |
| + |
Plant loosely tufted; glume margins ciliate; anthers 1.1–1.5 mm. |
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49 F. chumbiensis |
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| 50 (48) |
Leaf sheaths of vegetative shoots usually closed for more than half their length. |
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50 F. cumminsii |
| + |
Leaf sheaths of vegetative shoots usually open for more than half their length |
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(51) |
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| 51 (50) |
Leaf cross section with 3 well-developed sclerenchyma strands. |
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51 F. kryloviana |
| + |
Leaf cross section with 3 small sclerenchyma strands |
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(52) |
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| 52 (51) |
Anthers more than 1.5 mm |
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(53) |
| + |
Anthers less than 1.5 mm |
|
(54) |
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| 53 (52) |
Spikelets 4.5–6 mm; glume margins ciliolate or glabrous; palea 2.5–4 mm. |
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52 F. valesiaca |
| + |
Spikelets 6–8 mm; glume margins ciliate; palea 4.5–5.5 mm. |
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53 F. litvinovii |
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| 54 (52) |
Old basal leaf sheaths present; leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades smooth on abaxial surface. |
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54 F. tibetica |
| + |
Old basal leaf sheaths absent; leaf sheaths pubescent; leaf blades scabrid on abaxial surface. |
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55 F. wallichiana |
