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| 1 |
Leaves always needlelike, base jointed, not decurrent; cones axillary; seed cones with 3 whorled cone scales. |
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(2) |
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Leaves needlelike, scalelike, or both, base of needlelike leaves not jointed, decurrent; cones terminal; seed cones with 3-8 decussate or whorled cone scales. |
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(4) |
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| 2 (1) |
Leaves adaxially with 2 whitish stomatal bands separated by a green midvein |
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1 Juniperus formosana |
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Leaves adaxially with 1 white stomatal band, without a green midvein. |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Leaves V-shaped in cross section, 10-23 × ca. 1 mm, rigid, deeply grooved adaxially, white stomatal bands narrower than green margins |
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2 Juniperus rigida |
| + |
Leaves nearly flat in cross section, 4-10 × 1-2 mm, white stomatal band broader than green margins |
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3 Juniperus sibirica |
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| 4 (1) |
All leaves needlelike. |
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(5) |
| + |
Leaves scalelike, both scalelike and needlelike, or needlelike only on young plants. |
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(11) |
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| 5 (4) |
Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, very short, 2-4.5 mm; seed cones 1-3-seeded |
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4 Juniperus gaussenii |
| + |
Leaves in whorls of 3 only; seed cones either 1-seeded or 2- or 3-seeded. |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Seed cones 2- or 3-seeded |
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5 Juniperus procumbens |
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Seed cones 1-seeded. |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Leaves abaxially keeled, without longitudinal grooves |
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6 Juniperus pingii |
| + |
Leaves abaxially convex or obtusely ridged, with thin longitudinal grooves along ridge or at base. |
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(8) |
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| 8 (7) |
Branchlets pendulous; leaves loosely appressed, 3-6 mm, to 10 mm in young plants, convex with longitudinal grooves at base abaxially |
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7 Juniperus recurva |
| + |
Branchlets not pendulous; leaves spreading, ascending, or appressed, 1-10 mm, obtusely ridged with longitudinal grooves on ridge (or at base) abaxially. |
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(9) |
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| 9 (8) |
Leaves closely appressed, small, 1-2 × 0.5-1.2 mm; branchlets 4- or 6-angled |
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8 Juniperus chengii |
| + |
Leaves spreading or ascending, larger, 4-10 × 1-1.3 mm; branchlets not angled. |
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(10) |
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| 10 (9) |
Leaves ascending, 4-6 × ca. 1 mm; branchlets loosely arranged, usually straight, long |
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9 Juniperus baimashanensis |
| + |
Leaves spreading or ascending, 5-10 × 1-1.3 mm; branchlets densely arranged, straight or curved, usually short |
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10 Juniperus squamata |
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| 11 (4) |
Seed cones (1 or)2- or 3(-5)-seeded. |
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(12) |
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Seed cones 1-seeded. |
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(17) |
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| 12 (11) |
Leaves scalelike, needlelike only on young plants. |
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(13) |
| + |
Leaves both scalelike and needlelike, sometimes one form predominates. |
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(14) |
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| 13 (12) |
Shrubs erect or decumbent, rarely small trees; branchlets densely arranged, slender, 0.8-1 mm in diam. |
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14 Juniperus sabina |
| + |
Trees, rarely shrubs; branchlets loosely arranged, stout, 1-2 mm in diam. |
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15 Juniperus semiglobosa |
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| 14 (12) |
Shrubs decumbent. |
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(15) |
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Trees. |
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(16) |
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| 15 (14) |
Leaves of both types present |
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13 Juniperus davurica |
| + |
Mostly scalelike leaves present |
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12 Juniperus chinensis |
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| 16 (14) |
Leaves predominantly scalelike on mature plants, gland basal on scalelike leaves |
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11 Juniperus virginiana |
| + |
Leaves both scalelike and needlelike on mature plants, gland central on scalelike leaves |
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12 Juniperus chinensis |
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| 17 (11) |
Abaxial gland of scalelike leaves basal. |
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(18) |
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Abaxial gland of scalelike leaves central. |
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(20) |
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| 18 (17) |
Branchlets 4-angled, curved |
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19 Juniperus saltuaria |
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Branchlets terete, straight, rarely curved. |
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(19) |
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| 19 (18) |
Branchlet systems tapering, ultimate branchlets gradually shorter toward apex of system; leaves without cuticular wax covering |
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17 Juniperus komarovii |
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Branchlet systems not tapering ultimate branchlets of equal length or irregularly unequal; leaves covered with cuticular wax |
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18 Juniperus przewalskii |
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| 20 (17) |
Ultimate branchlets thin, ca. 1 mm in diam.; seed cones small, 5-8(-10) × 5-6 mm |
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16 Juniperus convallium |
| + |
Ultimate branchlets thicker than 1 mm (to 2 mm); seed cones larger, (7-)8-16 × 8-13 mm. |
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(21) |
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| 21 (20) |
Branchlets terete or slightly 4-angled |
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20 Juniperus tibetica |
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Branchlets 4-angled, sometimes ± terete. |
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(22) |
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| 22 (21) |
Branchlet systems not tapering; scalelike leaves decussate or sometimes in whorls of 3 |
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21 Juniperus indica |
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Branchlet systems tapering; scalelike leaves decussate. |
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(23) |
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| 23 (22) |
Shrubs procumbent to small trees |
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22 Juniperus pseudosabina |
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Shrubs or trees to 15 m |
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23 Juniperus centrasiatica |
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