1	Leaves large, orbicular or orbicular-cordate, palmately divided, petioles basally amplexicaul, shortly vaginate (1. P. sect. Taimingasa).		1 P. firmus
+	Leaves large or medium-sized, not orbicular or orbicular-cordate, simple or divided, petioles basally not vaginate		(2)
2 (1)	Radical leaves persistent, stem leaves 1, rarely 2, or bracteal-leaflike; capitula 3 or 4, or more; involucres campanulate or narrowly campanulate, phyllaries 8-10; florets 10-28 (2. P. sect. Parasenecio)		(3)
+	Radical leaves withered by anthesis, or if persistent then florets 5; stem leaves few to numerous; capitula few to numerous, paniculate or racemose-paniculate; involucres cylindric or narrowly campanulate; phyllaries 3-10, rarely more; florets (2 or)3-5(-8) or more		(4)
3 (2)	Plants densely glandular pubescent; radical leaves broadly cordate, obtuse, or suborbicular; stem leaves 1, rarely 2, sessile or subsessile; capitula pendulous; phyllaries 8 or 9; florets 10-16, corolla white or pink-white.		2 P. forrestii
+	Plants densely brown pubescent; radical leaves ovate or ovate-orbicular, stem leaves few, bracteal-leaflike, shortly petiolate; capitula erect; phyllaries 9 or 10; florets 28, corolla yellow.		3 P. begoniifolius
4 (2)	Involucres cylindric, 2-5 mm; phyllaries 4-6; florets 2-6; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-cordate, irregularly coarsely toothed or shallowly 3-10-lobed; petioles not winged, basally not expanded (3. P. sect. Koyamacalia).		4 P. chola
+	Involucres cylindric or campanulate, more than 4 mm; phyllaries 3-8, rarely more; florets 3-15, rarely more; leaves polymorphic, irregularly coarsely toothed, shallowly lobed to divided; petioles winged or not, basally auriculate or not auriculate		(5)
5 (4)	Stem leaves numerous; leaf blade palmately divided; phyllaries 3-5, rarely 7 or 8; florets 3-5, rarely 10-14 (5. P. sect. Delphiniifolii)		(6)
+	Stem leaves few to numerous, triangular, triangular-ovate, reniform, polyangular, or ovate-cordate, coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed, adaxially glabrous, pubescent, or densely tomentose		(11)
6 (5)	Leaf blade palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes obovate, oblong, or ovate-oblong		(7)
+	Leaf blade palmately deeply 5-7-sect, lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to linear, rarely obovate or spatulate		(8)
7 (6)	Leaf blade basally hastate, lobes broad, apically caudate or long acuminate; peduncles ca. 1 mm, glandular puberulent; phyllaries and florets 5.		47 P. delphiniifolius
+	Leaf blade basally subcordate, lobes narrow, apically acute; capitula sessile, brown puberulent; phyllaries and florets 3.		48 P. pilgerianus
8 (6)	Leaf blade broadly ovate, palmately deeply sect, lobes obovate or spatulate, lateral lobes 2-fid to deeply sect, both surfaces glabrous; phyllaries and florets 3; pappus white.		52 P. tripteris
+	Leaf blade ovate-oblong, pentagonal-cordate, or orbicular-ovate, lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to linear		(9)
9 (8)	Leaves pinnate-palmately divided, lobes pinnately lobulate or 2-4-denticulate; phyllaries 4; (plants of Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan).		51 P. palmatisectus
+	Leaves palmately lobed, lateral lobes often 1-lobulate or finely toothed; phyllaries 5, 7, or 8; (plants of Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi)		(10)
10 (9)	Leaf blade 10-20 × 12-24 cm, 5-7-lobed; phyllaries 7 or 8; florets 10-14; achenes 5-6 mm; pappus red-brown.		49 P. sinicus
+	Leaf blade 16-27 × 15-35 cm, (5 or)6-9-lobed; phyllaries 5; florets 5; achenes ca. 3 mm; pappus white.		50 P. dissectus
11 (5)	Leaves adaxially glabrous or pubescent; capitula few to numerous, pedunculate or not; pappus white or red-brown (3. P. sect. Koyamacalia)		(12)
+	Leaves adaxially arachnoid, densely lanate, or hairy initially, gradually glabrescent (4. P. sect. Monanthi)		(29)
12 (11)	Capitula few, or solitary at apex and axillary in upper leaves, pendulous; involucres campanulate, 5-10 mm in diam.; phyllaries 8-10; florets numerous, ca. 38; leaves triangular; petioles not winged.		5 P. deltophyllus
+	Capitula numerous or more in terminal racemes or panicles; involucres cylindric or narrowly campanulate, (1-)3-5 mm in diam.; phyllaries 3-8; florets few; leaves not triangular; petioles winged or not		(13)
13 (12)	Capitula numerous, small; involucres cylindric, 1-2 mm in diam.; phyllaries and florets 3-5; leaf blade polyangular or reniform, 5-7-lobed or coarsely toothed; corolla white or yellow		(14)
+	Capitula more numerous, larger; involucres 3-5 or 10-20 mm in diam.; pappus white, sordid white, or red-brown		(16)
14 (13)	Capitula sessile; involucres ca. 5 × 1 mm; phyllaries and florets 3 or 5; corolla white; pappus sordid white or pale yellow-brown.		18 P. ambiguus
+	Capitula pedunculate; involucres 6-8 × 1.5-2 mm; phyllaries and florets 5; corolla white or yellow; pappus white or yellow-brown		(15)
15 (14)	Capitula racemose or compound racemose; peduncles short or very short; involucres cylindric; phyllaries obtuse or rounded; pappus white.		19 P. ainsliaeiflorus
+	Capitula laxly racemose or compound racemose; peduncles 1-2 mm; involucres narrowly campanulate; phyllaries acute; corolla yellow; pappus pale yellow-brown.		20 P. kangxianensis
16 (13)	Involucres campanulate, 10-15 × 10-20 mm; phyllaries 7-12; florets 8-38; pappus red-brown		(17)
+	Involucres 5-8(-10) mm; phyllaries and florets 4-8, rarely more; pappus white or sordid white		(18)
17 (16)	Leaves broadly triangular, 3-5-lobed, lobes triangular, basal lobes sometimes rudimentary; capitula smaller; involucres narrowly campanulate, 10-12 × 5-10 mm; phyllaries 7 or 8; florets 8-10.		21 P. rubescens
+	Leaves pentagonal-hastate, lateral lobes small, narrowly triangular or obscure; capitula large; involucres campanulate, 13-15 × 17-20 mm; phyllaries 12; florets numerous (ca. 38).		22 P. matsudae
18 (16)	Petioles not winged, basally not expanded into auricles		(19)
+	Petioles winged		(22)
19 (18)	Leaf axils with buds		(20)
+	Leaf axils without buds		(21)
20 (19)	Leaf blade hastate-triangular, apex acuminate or long acuminate, base cordate, both surfaces scaly puberulent; phyllaries 7 or 8; florets 10-13; pappus white.		14 P. nokoensis
+	Leaf blade broadly triangular-hastate or ovate-triangular, apex long acuminate or caudate, base hastate or broadly cordate, adaxially densely glandular pubescent; phyllaries and florets 5; pappus brown or purple-brown.		15 P. hastiformis
21 (19)	Leaf blade triangular-hastate, apex acute or acuminate, base broadly cordate, both surfaces glabrous or subglabrous; phyllaries 5; florets 5 or 6.		16 P. albus
+	Leaf blade pentagonal-reniform, apex acute or rounded-obtuse, base deeply cordate, abaxially hispidulous, adaxially on veins puberulent; phyllaries 8(or 9); florets 16-19.		17 P. vespertilio
22 (18)	Petioles narrowly or indistinctly winged, basally not expanded into auricles		(23)
+	Petioles broadly winged, base often expanded and auriculate		(24)
23 (22)	Capitula pendulous, arranged in pyramidal panicles; phyllaries 7 or 8, glandular pubescent; florets 8-15(-20); blade triangular-hastate, adaxially densely or laxly pubescent; petioles narrowly winged.		6 P. hastatus
+	Capitula erect, arranged in broadly pyramidal panicles with long divaricate branches; phyllaries 5 or 6; florets 5-8; blade triangular-lanceolate, apex acuminate or caudate, adaxially laxly pilose on veins or subglabrous; petioles indistinctly winged.		7 P. lancifolius
24 (22)	Plants to 2-3 m tall, stems robust; leaves broadly triangular or triangular-hastate, petioles with 1.5-2 cm wide wings, base expanded and amplexicaul-auriculate; capitula numerous, 250-350, in broad pyramidal panicles; phyllaries 4 or 5; florets 5-7.		8 P. komarovianus
+	Plants 30-100 cm tall; stems slender; leaves reniform or triangular-reniform, petioles large or small auriculate; capitula more numerous, racemose or paniculate; phyllaries 4 or 5; florets 4-7		(25)
25 (24)	Leaf blade oblate-reniform, thinly papery, retuse or subtruncate, triangular-rostrate at center, margin irregularly coarsely toothed stipitate glandular hairy; petioles basally entire or dentate auriculate; phyllaries 4; florets 5.		9 P. maowenensis
+	Leaf blade not oblate-reniform, papery, apically constricted long apiculate, with regular teeth or with concave teeth at subbasal margins glandular puberulent; phyllaries 5; florets 4-7(or 8)		(26)
26 (25)	Leaves reniform or triangular-reniform, both surfaces glabrous		(27)
+	Leaves triangular-hastate or ovate to broadly ovate, adaxially hairy		(28)
27 (26)	Phyllaries 4-8 mm, 1/3-1/2 as long as corolla and pappus by anthesis; capitula racemose, rarely paniculate; petioles basally expanded and small auriculate.		10 P. auriculatus
+	Phyllaries 8-12 mm, subequal to or rather shorter than corolla by anthesis; capitula laxly or densely paniculate; petioles basally with 1.5-2 cm wide auricle.		11 P. praetermissus
28 (26)	Median stem leaves triangular-hastate, lateral lobes triangular, irregularly repand-dentate, adaxially puberulent on veins; petioles toward base gradually expanded into ovate-orbicular or orbicular, 1.5-2.5 cm wide auricle; auricles entire or remotely toothed; phyllaries 5; florets 5 or 6.		12 P. gansuensis
+	Stem leaves broadly ovate or broadly cordate, adaxially sparsely arachnoid or subglabrous; petioles with 5-10 mm wide wings, basally expanded into a large amplexicaul auricle; phyllaries (3 or)5; florets 3 or 4(or 5).		13 P. otopteryx
29 (11)	Plants glabrous or sparsely arachnoid in upper part; leaves triangular, ovate-triangular, or hastate-triangular, distinctly prominently 3-veined; anthers basally long caudate		(30)
+	Plants all or at least upper part arachnoid or villous; leaf blade ovate-triangular, ovate-cordate, or cordate, basally 3-veined or palmately 5-7-veined, abaxially arachnoid, glandular hairy, or ± glabrescent		(39)
30 (29)	Leaves divided		(31)
+	Leaves not divided		(34)
31 (30)	Leaf blade obovate-spatulate, lyrately pinnate; lobes ovate, oblong, or obovate-triangular, coarsely toothed, adaxially arachnoid-tomentose; petioles broadly winged, basally expanded into auricle; phyllaries and florets 5 or 6.		32 P. cyclotus
+	Leaf blade 3-5-lobed to medially sect		(32)
32 (31)	Leaves reniform-pentangular or broadly ovate-pentangular; petioles not winged, often with many globose bulblets in upper branches of synflorescence; phyllaries and florets 4 or 5.		29 P. quinquelobus
+	Leaves reniform-triangular or broadly ovate; petioles winged, but without bulblets		(33)
33 (32)	Leaf blade broadly triangular, 3-lobed, central lobe 3-fid, lateral lobes 2-fid, abaxially white arachnoid-tomentose; petioles narrowly winged, basally without auricle; phyllaries and florets 4 or 5.		30 P. rockianus
+	Leaf blade reniform-triangular or broadly ovate, medially 3-5-sect, lobes lobulate or coarsely toothed, abaxially white arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially densely brown hispidulous; petioles broadly winged, basally auriculate; phyllaries 5; florets 8(-10).		31 P. souliei
34 (30)	Petioles winged, often expanded into subamplexicaul auricle; capitula pendulous		(35)
+	Petioles not winged, base not or ± expanded, but without auricles; capitula ascending or pendulous		(36)
35 (34)	Leaf blade ovate-triangular to broadly triangular, stiffly papery; petioles broadly winged, basally expanded into broad or narrow auricle; phyllaries 3; florets 5 or 6.		23 P. latipes
+	Leaf blade triangular or triangular-hastate, thick, abaxially arachnoid-tomentose; petioles with 4-15 mm in diam. orbicular auricles; phyllaries 6-8; florets 9-12(-14).		24 P. lidjiangensis
36 (34)	Stem leaves numerous, crowded at middle part of stem; leaves ovate or reniform-triangular, margin with cartilaginous coarse teeth; capitula laxly racemose, but not secund; phyllaries 3; florets 2 or 3.		27 P. tenianus
+	Stem leaves 3 or 4, often crowded at middle to lower part of stem; capitula secund		(37)
37 (36)	Radical leaves withered and fallen by anthesis; leaf blade membranous or submembranous, broadly ovate or ovate-oblate, abaxially densely white tomentose; florets (6-)8 or 9.		25 P. taliensis
+	Radical leaves persistent at anthesis; leaf blade papery, ovate-triangular, broadly ovate, or rhombic, abaxially not white tomentose; florets 5		(38)
38 (37)	Stems yellow-brown multicellular pubescent; leaves often crowded in lower middle part of stem, ovate-triangular or broadly ovate, rarely rhombic or cordate, abaxially yellow-brown villous; capitula narrowly paniculate.		28 P. koualapensis
+	Stems slender, glabrous; leaves crowded near base of stem, ovate-orbicular or cordate, abaxially becoming purple when dry, glabrous; capitula spicate.		26 P. jiulongensis
39 (29)	Leaf blade ovate-triangular, ovate, or cordate, usually basally 3-veined; phyllaries (2 or)3-5; florets 1-5, rarely more		(40)
+	Leaf blade broadly ovate-cordate or cordate, palmately 5-7-veined, abaxially arachnoid-tomentose or glandular hairy; phyllaries 3-5(or 6); florets (2-)5-8(-10)		(46)
40 (39)	Capitula numerous, spreading or pendulous, racemose or paniculate; phyllaries (2 or)3; florets 1-3, rarely 4		(41)
+	Capitula laxly paniculate or narrowly racemose-paniculate; phyllaries 5; florets 5 or 6, rarely 10-13		(43)
41 (40)	Phyllaries 2; floret 1; leaves 4, lax on stem, subtriangular-reniform, abaxially densely lanate, adaxially crisped-volute hairy; petioles not winged.		35 P. morrisonensis
+	Phyllaries 2 or 3(or 4); florets 3(or 4); leaf blade ovate-triangular or broadly cordate; petioles winged or not		(42)
42 (41)	Capitula laxly pyramidal-paniculate, pendulous, secund; leaves ovate-triangular, abaxially white or gray-white arachnoid; petioles not winged.		33 P. roborowskii
+	Capitula narrowly racemose-paniculate, spreading; leaves broadly cordate, abaxially sparsely arachnoid, adaxially sparsely hairy; petioles narrowly winged.		34 P. xinjiashanensis
43 (40)	Stem leaves 4 or 5; petioles winged		(44)
+	Stem leaves 2-4(or 5); petioles not winged		(45)
44 (43)	Leaves membranous, broadly ovate to ovate-rhombic, acute, angular coarsely toothed; petioles distinctly winged.		36 P. profundorum
+	Leaves thinly papery, broadly ovate or ovate-triangular, caudate-acuminate, serrulate; petioles indistinctly winged or not winged; uppermost leaves bractlike.		37 P. phyllolepis
45 (43)	Stems slender, glabrous; stem leaves 2 or 3, broadly cordate-orbicular or ovate- cordate-orbicular or ovate-cordate, abaxially violet or purplish, sparsely arachnoid; capitula broadly paniculate; involucres 12-14 × 1.5-2 mm, glabrous; florets 5 or 6.		38 P. ianthophyllus
+	Stems robust, white arachnoid; stem leaves 4 or 5, ovate-triangular or triangular-hastate, abaxially white arachnoid; capitula narrowly paniculate; involucres 8-10 × 4-5 mm, outside white lanate; florets 10-13.		39 P. leucocephalus
46 (39)	Phyllaries 3 or 4; florets 2-4; plants adpressed gray-white arachnoid-lanate, intermixed glandular puberulent.		40 P. longispicus
+	Phyllaries 5; florets 5-8(-10); plants arachnoid or red-brown glandular pubescent		(47)
47 (46)	Axillary scale buds ovoid-globose, brown tomentose; capitula racemose, upper part laxly bracteate, often with bulblets; phyllaries 5 or 6; florets 8-10.		41 P. bulbiferoides
+	Bulblets absent from leaf axils and bracts; capitula spicate-racemose or paniculate		(48)
48 (47)	Stems, petioles, and involucres arachnoid or later ± glabrescent		(49)
+	Stems, petioles, and involucres red-brown or brown villous or knotted glandular pubescent		(50)
49 (48)	Capitula spicate-racemose; involucres 12-14 mm; florets 5-8; petioles 5-14 cm, not winged, basally not expanded.		42 P. petasitoides
+	Capitula laxly narrowly paniculate; involucres ca. 10 mm; florets 7 or 8; petioles indistinctly narrowly winged, basally expanded and subamplexicaul.		43 P. hwangshanicus
50 (48)	Lower stems glandular pubescent, upper part white arachnoid or hispidulous; peduncles 3-4 mm; corolla orange.		46 P. dasythyrsus
+	Stems, petioles, and phyllaries red-brown or brown pubescent; peduncles very short or capitula subsessile; corolla yellow		(51)
51 (50)	Leaf blade broadly ovate-cordate or reniform, triangularly 5-lobed or deeply serrate, red-brown hyaline glandular hairy; petioles 5-10 cm, basally not expanded.		44 P. rufipilis
+	Leaf blade reniform or ovate, undulate-lobed, lobes broadly triangular, abaxially arachnoid or puberulent, adaxially brown puberulent; petioles 10-15 cm, basally expanded, subamplexicaul.		45 P. tsinlingensis