1	Rhizomes stoloniferous, creeping, elongate.		(2)
+	Rhizomes not stoloniferous, usually tuberous, short.		(4)
2 (1)	Peduncle with a prophyll at base; leaves not glaucous abaxially		65 Smilax pinfaensis
+	Peduncle without a prophyll at base; leaves glaucous abaxially.		(3)
3 (2)	Petiole 1--2 mm, narrowly winged for ca. 2/3 its length; stem much branched		26 Smilax nana
+	Petiole 4--13 mm, scarcely winged; stem slightly branched or not		25 Smilax pachysandroides
4 (1)	Inflorescence a spike of umbels with 5--25 sessile umbels on a common axis.		(5)
+	Inflorescence a solitary umbel or a raceme of umbels with 2 to many stalked umbels on a common axis.		(6)
5 (4)	Branches terete, ridged-angled, sparsely prickly; leaf blade 6--11 cm		78 Smilax aspera
+	Branches 4-angled, not prickly; leaf blade 20--30 cm		79 Smilax elegantissima
6 (4)	Branches verruculose or bristly.		(7)
+	Branches neither verruculose nor bristly.		(16)
7 (6)	Branches densely bristly.		(8)
+	Branches verruculose, sometimes young branches minutely bristly.		(9)
8 (7)	Petiole not bristly; peduncle without a prophyll at base		19 Smilax horridiramula
+	Petiole densely bristly; peduncle with a prophyll at base		74 Smilax setiramula
9 (7)	Peduncle without a prophyll at base.		(10)
+	Peduncle with a prophyll at base.		(11)
10 (9)	Branches minutely verruculose, not prickly; inflorescence borne in axil of well-developed leaf		49 Smilax nervomarginata
+	Branches verruculose or spinulose-verruculose, ± sparsely prickly; inflorescence borne in axil of young leaf on new branches		13 Smilax lebrunii
11 (9)	Young branches, petiole, and leaf base minutely bristly		57 Smilax kwangsiensis
+	Young branches, petiole, and leaf base not bristly.		(12)
12 (11)	Leaf blade orbicular or nearly so, thickly leathery		70 Smilax bauhinioides
+	Leaf blade not orbicular, leathery or papery.		(13)
13 (12)	Petiole wingless, tendrils absent; receptacle suboblong		67 Smilax fooningensis
+	Petiole winged, tendrils usually present; receptacle subglobose.		(14)
14 (13)	Inflorescence 1-umbellate; branches usually 2- or 3-angled		54 Smilax chapaensis
+	Inflorescence 2--5-umbellate, forming a raceme of umbels; branches not angled.		(15)
15 (14)	Inflorescence with 3--7 umbels; petiole 10--15 mm, tendrils usually present		61 Smilax aspericaulis
+	Inflorescence with 2 umbels; petiole 7--12 mm, tendrils usually absent		63 Smilax malipoensis
16 (6)	Inflorescence of 2 to many umbels (if a solitary umbel, then peduncle articulate in proximal part with a prophyll at base).		(17)
+	Inflorescence a solitary umbel; peduncle not articulate, usually without a prophyll at base.		(36)
17 (16)	Branches ± 4-angled.		(18)
+	Branches terete, not angled.		(19)
18 (17)	Branches not zigzagged, angles narrowly winged		72 Smilax gagnepainii
+	Branches strongly zigzagged, angles wingless		68 Smilax quadrata
19 (17)	Tepals of male flowers longitudinally wrinkled; stamens 8--10		50 Smilax luei
+	Tepals of male flowers not wrinkled; stamens 6.		(20)
20 (19)	Petiole wings well developed, each 4--13 mm wide.		(21)
+	Petiole wings weakly developed, each less than 4 mm wide.		(23)
21 (20)	Petiole wings not clasping node at base		75 Smilax griffithii
+	Petiole wings deeply clasping node at base.		(22)
22 (21)	Inflorescence of 2--7 solitary umbels; filaments proximally connate, forming a short column		76 Smilax ocreata
+	Inflorescence of 10--30 umbels, umbels 2- or 4-subwhorled or nearly clustered; filaments free		77 Smilax perfoliata
23 (20)	Filaments proximally connate, forming a short column.		(24)
+	Filaments free.		(25)
24 (23)	Receptacle suboblong, 3--6 × 2--4.5 mm; outer tepals of male flowers ca. 5 mm		56 Smilax hemsleyana
+	Receptacle subglobose, 2--3 mm in diam.; outer tepals of male flowers 7--8 mm		55 Smilax vanchingshanensis
25 (23)	Branches densely prickly; petiole verruculose-prickly		73 Smilax densibarbata
+	Branches smooth or sparsely prickly; petiole not verruculose-prickly.		(26)
26 (25)	Leaf blade 8--14(--20) cm wide		62 Smilax ovalifolia
+	Leaf blade 1--5(--7) cm wide.		(27)
27 (26)	Petiole laterally compressed, winged portion 1--3 cm		71 Smilax planipes
+	Petiole subterete, winged portion less than 0.9 cm.		(28)
28 (27)	Umbels 2- or 3-flowered; peduncle 1--3 mm; petiole 2.5--5 mm; stem and branches 2- or 4-angled		66 Smilax basilata
+	Umbels 3--15-flowered; peduncle and petiole both more than 5 mm; stem and branches not or indistinctly obtusely angled.		(29)
29 (28)	Stamens very short, less than 1 mm, 1/5--1/3 as long as tepals		64 Smilax cocculoides
+	Stamens 3--6 mm, more than 1/2 as long as tepals.		(30)
30 (29)	Leaf blade thickly leathery, orbicular to elliptic, with 3 main veins concave adaxially and veinlets indistinct; petiole scarcely winged		69 Smilax lunglingensis
+	Leaf blade leathery or papery, variable in shape, with 3--5 main veins raised or sometimes midvein slightly concave adaxially; petiole winged.		(31)
31 (30)	Inflorescence with 3--7 umbels.		(32)
+	Inflorescence with 1 umbel.		(34)
32 (31)	Leaf blade leathery, apex acuminate; raceme with terminal umbel abortive; receptacle ellipsoid		59 Smilax yunnanensis
+	Leaf blade papery, apex mucronate; raceme with terminal umbel well developed; receptacle subglobose.		(33)
33 (32)	Berries 1.5--2 cm in diam.; petiole 1.5--5 cm; inflorescence of 2 or 3 umbels; male flowers with tepals greenish yellow		58 Smilax megacarpa
+	Berries 5--7 mm in diam.; petiole 1--2 cm; inflorescence of 3--6(--10) umbels; male flowers with tepals dull red		60 Smilax bracteata
34 (31)	Berries 1.5--2 cm in diam.		58 Smilax megacarpa
+	Berries 0.6--1 cm in diam.		(35)
35 (34)	Seeds smooth; leaf blade becoming dark green or sometimes tinged black when dried, not wrinkled adaxially		52 Smilax lanceifolia
+	Seeds deeply 5- or 6-furrowed; leaf blade becoming grayish when dried, wrinkled along main veins adaxially		53 Smilax astrosperma
36 (16)	Stems usually annual, herbaceous.		(37)
+	Stems perennial, becoming woody.		(39)
37 (36)	Leaf blade abaxially pale green, usually glabrous or papillose-puberulent, not white powdery		2 Smilax riparia
+	Leaf blade abaxially glaucous, white powdery.		(38)
38 (37)	Petiole scarcely winged, tendrils (when developed) borne in proximal part		1 Smilax nipponica
+	Petiole narrowly winged, tendrils borne at middle or in distal part		3 Smilax pottingeri
39 (36)	Petiole wings lacerate-fimbriate at margin.		(40)
+	Petiole wings subentire at margin.		(41)
40 (39)	Branchlets usually 4-angled; leaf blade usually rhombic-ovate, with 3(--5) main veins raised adaxially, base cuneate; prickles sparse or absent		44 Smilax myrtillus
+	Branchlets 2- or 3-angled; leaf blade cordate to ovate, with (3--)5 main veins slightly concave adaxially, base truncate to cordate; prickles rather dense		45 Smilax munita
41 (39)	Petiole with abscission zone below apex, hence leaf blade abscising together with distal part of petiole.		(42)
+	Petiole with abscission zone at apex, hence leaf blade abscising with almost no part of petiole.		(61)
42 (41)	Leaf blade abaxially pubescent, papillose-pubescent, or powdery-scabrous.		(43)
+	Leaf blade abaxially glabrous.		(44)
43 (42)	Peduncle 0.5--3 cm; receptacle thickened and elongate		12 Smilax chingii
+	Peduncle 3--5 cm; receptacle scarcely thickened, not elongate		37 Smilax aberrans
44 (42)	Peduncle 0.1--0.3 cm		46 Smilax bapouensis
+	Peduncle 0.4--5 cm.		(45)
45 (44)	Petiole wings semicircular, each 3--5 mm wide, occupying entire length of petiole		16 Smilax discotis
+	Petiole wings not as above.		(46)
46 (45)	Filaments ± connate, forming a column.		(47)
+	Filaments free.		(48)
47 (46)	Outer tepals free; filaments connate in proximal part		24 Smilax emeiensis
+	Outer tepals connate for ca. 1/2 their length, forming a tube; filaments connate throughout		33 Smilax synandra
48 (46)	Inflorescence arising from branches or branchlets with leaves fully developed.		(49)
+	Inflorescence arising from young branches or branchlets with leaves not fully developed.		(52)
49 (48)	Leaf blade abaxially glaucous.		(50)
+	Leaf blade abaxially green or pale green.		(51)
50 (49)	Inflorescence usually racemose; pedicel erect in fruit		36 Smilax austrozhejiangensis
+	Inflorescence umbellate; pedicel bent downward in fruit		38 Smilax retroflexa
51 (49)	Peduncle slightly shorter or longer than petiole; female flowers with 6 staminodes		4 Smilax sieboldii
+	Peduncle much shorter than petiole (usually less than 1/2 as long); female flowers with 3 staminodes		5 Smilax scobinicaulis
52 (48)	Petiole with abscission zone 2--3 mm above winged portion.		(53)
+	Petiole with abscission zone immediately above winged portion.		(54)
53 (52)	Leaf blade elliptic; petiole winged for ca. 1/2 its length		17 Smilax glaucochina
+	Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate; petiole winged for ca. 2/3 its length		18 Smilax elongatoumbellata
54 (52)	Umbels 1- or 2-flowered or racemes 3--5-flowered		9 Smilax trinervula
+	Umbels 3- to many flowered.		(55)
55 (54)	Receptacle oblong or ellipsoid, ± elongate.		(56)
+	Receptacle subglobose.		(57)
56 (55)	Petiole winged for 2/3--4/5 its length		10 Smilax ferox
+	Petiole winged for 1/3--1/2 its length		11 Smilax megalantha
57 (55)	Leaf blade herbaceous, becoming membranous or thinly papery when dried; tendrils partly developed.		(58)
+	Leaf blade papery or leathery; tendrils well developed.		(59)
58 (57)	Leaf blade abaxially glaucous; berries red at maturity		14 Smilax polycolea
+	Leaf blade abaxially green or pale green; berries purplish black at maturity		15 Smilax outanscianensis
59 (57)	Petiole wings each 2--4 mm wide, wider than petiole; tendrils short, slender		8 Smilax davidiana
+	Petiole wings each 0.5--1 mm wide, about as wide as petiole; tendrils long, rather thick.		(60)
60 (59)	Tepals of male flowers greenish to yellowish green, recurved at anthesis, outer ones 1.8--2.5 mm wide		6 Smilax china
+	Tepals of male flowers yellow, tinged pinkish red, spreading at anthesis, outer ones 1.3--1.5 mm wide		7 Smilax nantoensis
61 (41)	Leaves and inflorescences becoming blackish or blackish brown when dried.		(62)
+	Leaves and inflorescences not becoming blackish or blackish brown when dried.		(64)
62 (61)	Branches slightly ridged, smooth or prickly		20 Smilax nigrescens
+	Branches neither ridged nor prickly.		(63)
63 (62)	Petiole 3--7 mm; umbels 1--3-flowered		39 Smilax darrisii
+	Petiole 5--5.5 cm; umbels densely 50--100-flowered		48 Smilax jiankunii
64 (61)	Petiole wings each with a lanceolate auricle at apex.		(65)
+	Petiole wings without auricle at apex.		(70)
65 (64)	Outer tepals connate for ca. 1/2 their length, inner ones adnate to filament column		33 Smilax synandra
+	All tepals free.		(66)
66 (65)	Plants suberect or subscandent; tendrils absent.		(67)
+	Vines climbing; tendrils wholly or partly developed.		(68)
67 (66)	Leaf blade rhombic-elliptic or ovate-rhombic; peduncle 7--22 mm; auricles of petiole wings 1--1.5 mm		35 Smilax hayatae
+	Leaf blade ovate; peduncle 3--4 mm; auricles of petiole wings 0.3--0.5 mm		40 Smilax mairei
68 (66)	Leaf blade thinly papery, ovate-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; branchlets zigzagged; female flowers with 6 staminodes		31 Smilax elegans
+	Leaf blade leathery, ovate to elliptic; branchlets not zigzagged; female flowers with 3 staminodes.		(69)
69 (68)	Peduncle 4--15 mm, 2/3--4/5 as long as petiole		32 Smilax corbularia
+	Peduncle 1--5 mm, less than 1/2 as long as petiole		34 Smilax hypoglauca
70 (64)	Shrubs erect or suberect; tendrils absent.		(71)
+	Vines climbing, shrubby; tendrils wholly or partly developed.		(74)
71 (70)	Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, more than 5 × as long as wide; stamens very short, ca. 1/8 as long as tepals		30 Smilax tsinchengshanensis
+	Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 2--3 × as long as wide; stamens much longer, 1/3--1/2 as long as tepals.		(72)
72 (71)	Filaments connate in proximal part, forming a column		23 Smilax cyclophylla
+	Filaments free.		(73)
73 (72)	Petiole and leaf blade glabrous		21 Smilax stans
+	Distal 1/2 of petiole and abaxial base of leaf blade (particularly on veins) papillose-puberulent		22 Smilax trachypoda
74 (70)	Peduncle shorter than or subequaling petiole; receptacle much thickened, with many persistent bracteoles.		(75)
+	Peduncle longer than petiole; receptacle not or only slightly thickened, without persistent bracteoles		(77)
75 (74)	Male flowers slightly 6-angled, scarcely open, ca. 3 mm in diam.; outer tepals cucullate, abaxially deeply channeled		43 Smilax glabra
+	Male flowers not angled, fully open, 1--1.5 mm in diam.; outer tepals neither cucullate nor abaxially channeled.		(76)
76 (75)	Branches minutely prickly; peduncle slightly shorter than petiole; female flowers with 3 staminodes		42 Smilax microphylla
+	Branches not prickly; peduncle much shorter than petiole; female flowers with 6 staminodes		41 Smilax longebracteolata
77 (74)	Leaf blade abaxially green or pale green.		(78)
+	Leaf blade abaxially ± glaucous.		(80)
78 (77)	Leaf blade with 3--5 main veins, outermost veins separate from leaf margins; petiole winged for 1/2--3/4 its length, tendrils borne near middle		51 Smilax arisanensis
+	Leaf blade with 5--7 main veins, outermost veins nearly combined with leaf margins; petiole winged for ca. 1/4 its length, tendrils borne near base.		(79)
79 (78)	Leaf blade papery or thinly leathery, adaxially ± concave along midvein; anthers shorter than filaments		47 Smilax biumbellata
+	Leaf blade leathery, adaxially not concave along midvein; anthers slightly longer than filaments		49 Smilax nervomarginata
80 (77)	Flowers large, tepals 6--7 mm		29 Smilax lushuiensis
+	Flowers much smaller, tepals 2--3.5 mm.		(81)
81 (80)	Leaf blade with 3 main veins; petiole 3--7 mm, winged for 1/3--1/2 its length; stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals		39 Smilax darrisii
+	Leaf blade with 5--7 main veins; petiole (5--)8--12 mm, winged for 2/3--3/4 its length; stamens ca. 1/3 as long as tepals.		(82)
82 (81)	Leaf blade with 5 main veins; filaments basally connate, forming a short column		27 Smilax menispermoidea
+	Leaf blade with 7 main veins; filaments free		28 Smilax pygmaea