1	Herbs saprophytic, without green leaves		2 Petrosavia
+	Plants autotrophic, with green leaves.		(2)
2 (1)	Plants cormous or bulbiferous.		(3)
+	Plants not bulbiferous or cormous, but often producing rhizomes or other underground organs.		(18)
3 (2)	Plants cormous.		(4)
+	Plants bulbiferous.		(5)
4 (3)	Perianth segments 7--10 × ca. 1 mm, straight; leaves straight at apex		26 Iphigenia
+	Perianth segments 45--50 × ca. 8 mm, strongly reflexed; leaves with an apical tendril		27 Gloriosa
5 (3)	Styles 3; anthers reniform, with confluent locules.		(6)
+	Style 1, simple to 3-fid; anthers not reniform, with 2 separate locules.		(7)
6 (5)	Pedicel pubescent; perianth segments not glandular at base		4 Veratrum
+	Pedicel glabrous; perianth segments glandular at base		5 Zigadenus
7 (5)	Inflorescence an umbel, at first wholly enveloped by a scarious spathe		32 Allium
+	Inflorescence generally not an umbel or, if umbellate, never wholly enveloped by a scarious spathe.		(8)
8 (7)	Flowers more than 30, in a dense raceme or spike.		(9)
+	Flowers 1--20, in a lax inflorescence.		(10)
9 (8)	Bulb cylindric; inflorescence spicate; perianth segments partly united; plants with a strong, onionlike odor		33 Milula
+	Bulb ovoid or globose; inflorescence racemose; perianth segments free; plants without a strong, onionlike odor		34 Barnardia
10 (8)	Leaves 2, apparently opposite; perianth segments strongly reflexed		16 Erythronium
+	Leaves generally more than 2; perianth segments not reflexed.		(11)
11 (10)	Leaves cordate to ovate, reticulate veined		19 Cardiocrinum
+	Leaves neither cordate nor ovate, parallel veined.		(12)
12 (11)	Bulbs with fleshy, farinaceous scales; perianth segments each with a concave nectary near base adaxially		17 Fritillaria
+	Bulbs without fleshy, farinaceous scales; perianth segments without a concave nectary.		(13)
13 (12)	Anthers pseudobasifixed; axis of seed usually straight or slightly curved; leaves basal or cauline.		(14)
+	Anthers dorsifixed and versatile; axis of seed moderately to strongly curved; leaves cauline or at least mostly so.		(16)
14 (13)	Basal leaves not arising from bulb but from underground stem; bulb more than 1 cm in diam.; perianth more than 2 cm, deciduous after anthesis		15 Tulipa
+	Basal leaves arising from bulb; bulb usually 4--5 mm in diam.; perianth less than 2 cm, persistent after anthesis.		(15)
15 (14)	Perianth segments ± hardened and enlarged after anthesis, 1.5--2 × as long as capsule		13 Gagea
+	Perianth segments withered after anthesis, neither hardened nor enlarged, often shorter than capsule		14 Lloydia
16 (13)	Bulb with a brown, scarious tunic; bulbels many, around roots; style 3-fid, apically recurved; seeds wingless		18 Notholirion
+	Bulb naked; bulbels absent; style apically with 3 stigmatic crests; seeds winged.		(17)
17 (16)	Perianth segments similar, usually without spots or blotches		20 Lilium
+	Inner perianth segments larger than outer ones, generally all segments with dark spots or blotches		21 Nomocharis
18 (2)	Leaves reduced to scales; branchlets becoming leaflike (cladodes), needlelike or linear, 0.2--3 mm wide, numbering several hundred in a single plant		41 Asparagus
+	Leaves not reduced to scales; branchlets not as above, fewer than 100 in a single plant.		(19)
19 (18)	Fruit bursting irregularly at an early stage and exposing seeds; seeds ellipsoid to globose, each resembling a berry or small drupe.		(20)
+	Fruit a berry or capsule, never bursting before seed maturation.		(22)
20 (19)	Leaves subplicate veined, with transverse venation between main veins; filaments united into a ring nearly closing mouth of perianth		57 Peliosanthes
+	Leaves parallel veined, without clear, transverse venation between main veins; filaments not forming a ring.		(21)
21 (20)	Leaves longitudinally whitish striped; flowers ± nodding; ovary semi-inferior; filaments much shorter than anthers; seeds blue		56 Ophiopogon
+	Leaves not whitish striped; flowers erect or suberect; ovary superior; filaments longer than or as long as anthers; seeds blackish		55 Liriope
22 (19)	Leaves 3--15 in 1 whorl; outer perianth segments leaflike.		(23)
+	Leaves not in 1 whorl; outer perianth segments not leaflike.		(24)
23 (22)	Leaves usually 4--15 in 1 whorl; flowers 4-merous or more, inner perianth segments much narrower than outer ones		9 Paris
+	Leaves 3 in a whorl; flowers 3-merous, inner perianth segments only a little narrower than outer ones		10 Trillium
24 (22)	Flowers unisexual; leaves reticulate veined between 3 or 5 main veins; plants mostly shrubby climbers.		(25)
+	Flowers bisexual; leaves parallel veined; plants not woody climbers.		(26)
25 (24)	Perianth segments free (except in Smilax synandra)		11 Smilax
+	Perianth segments united into a tube		12 Heterosmilax
26 (24)	Leaves succulent		29 Aloe
+	Leaves never succulent.		(27)
27 (26)	Stems ± woody and continuously thickened, with clear leaf scars in apical part; leaves usually crowded at or toward apex of stem or branches.		(28)
+	Stems not woody, without leaf scars.		(29)
28 (27)	Petiole 10--30 cm, leaf blade with veins essentially parallel but with lateral veins branching from midvein in proximal 1/2; ovary with 2 to many ovules per locule		36 Cordyline
+	Petiole absent to 8 cm, leaf blade with veins truly parallel from base, lateral veins absent; ovary with 1 or 2 ovules per locule		42 Dracaena
29 (27)	Fruit a capsule.		(30)
+	Fruit a berry.		(43)
30 (29)	Flowers clearly zygomorphic, upper 3 or 4 perianth segments much larger than lower ones		8 Chionographis
+	Flowers actinomorphic.		(31)
31 (30)	Styles 3.		(32)
+	Style 1, simple to 3-parted.		(33)
32 (31)	Leaves laterally flattened, basally equitant, sword-shaped; bracteole cupular; pedicel glabrous; anthers ovate, with 2 separate locules		1 Tofieldia
+	Leaves not laterally flattened; bracteole absent; pedicel pubescent; anthers reniform, with confluent locules		4 Veratrum
33 (31)	Perianth proximally adnate to semi-inferior ovary		3 Aletris
+	Perianth not adnate to superior ovary.		(34)
34 (33)	Stem elongate, ascending; leaves cauline; 3 stigma lobes each 2-parted at apex		23 Tricyrtis
+	Stem very short; leaves basal or nearly so; stigma not as above.		(35)
35 (34)	Stamens 3		40 Anemarrhena
+	Stamens 6.		(36)
36 (35)	Perianth segments united.		(37)
+	Perianth segments free.		(38)
37 (36)	Leaves basally abruptly tapered into a petiole; flowers purplish to white		37 Hosta
+	Leaves linear, basally not tapered into a petiole; flowers yellowish to reddish		31 Hemerocallis
38 (36)	Flowers not subtended by bracts; leaves basally gradually tapered into a petiole.		(39)
+	Flowers subtended by bracts; leaves ± linear or filiform, basally not tapered into a petiole.		(40)
39 (38)	Inflorescence racemose or spicate; anthers basifixed, usually reniform, with ± confluent locules		6 Ypsilandra
+	Inflorescence umbellate or umbellate-racemose; anthers dorsifixed, lanceolate, with locules separate or confluent only at apex		7 Heloniopsis
40 (38)	Leaves filiform, ca. 1 mm wide; inflorescence an umbel		35 Thysanotus
+	Leaves ± linear, more than 2 mm wide; inflorescence a raceme or a panicle.		(41)
41 (40)	Perianth segments 1.7--4 cm; base of anthers with 2 prominent, caudate appendages 1--3 mm		39 Diuranthera
+	Perianth segments usually 1--1.5 cm; base of anthers with 2 lobes to 0.5 mm.		(42)
42 (41)	Flowers more than 50, densely arranged in a terminal raceme; capsule globose, not angled		28 Eremurus
+	Flowers several to 20, laxly arranged in a terminal panicle or occasionally a raceme; capsule usually broadly globose, 3-angled		38 Chlorophytum
43 (29)	Filaments swollen immediately below anther; leaves scabrous along midvein abaxially and at margin		30 Dianella
+	Filaments not as above; leaves never scabrous along midvein abaxially, rarely so at margin.		(44)
44 (43)	Stem elongate; leaves cauline.		(45)
+	Stem very short; leaves basal or nearly so.		(51)
45 (44)	Perianth segments free.		(46)
+	Perianth segments united.		(48)
46 (45)	Inflorescence racemose with pedicels less than 6 mm or paniculate, axis elongate, ± ascending; stem simple; plants not stoloniferous		43 Maianthemum
+	Inflorescence usually 1-flowered or umbellate, rarely racemose with pedicels more than 1 cm, axis short, nodding; stem often branched; plants sometimes stoloniferous.		(47)
47 (46)	Perianth segments basally neither saccate nor spurred		24 Streptopus
+	Perianth segments basally ± saccate or spurred		25 Disporum
48 (45)	Inflorescence terminating a stem (pseudoterminal leaf absent).		(49)
+	Leaf terminating a stem (pseudoterminal leaf present).		(50)
49 (48)	Inflorescence only terminal, ± ascending, racemose or paniculate, pubescent; anthers positioned at perianth mouth or exserted from perianth; plants hemicryptophytic		43 Maianthemum
+	Inflorescences often both terminal and axillary, nodding, racemose or subumbellate, often 1- or 2-flowered, sometimes 3--6-flowered, glabrous; anthers included in perianth; plants epiphytic		44 Heteropolygonatum
50 (48)	Corona absent; filaments inserted on perianth tube; rhizome never green		45 Polygonatum
+	Corona present; filaments inserted on corona; rhizome mostly green		46 Disporopsis
51 (44)	Perianth segments free.		(52)
+	Perianth segments united.		(54)
52 (51)	Plants sympodial; anthers subextrorse; scape pubescent		22 Clintonia
+	Plants monopodial; anthers introrse; scape glabrous.		(53)
53 (52)	Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 3--5 cm wide, basally tapered into a petiole; bracteole absent; anthers dorsifixed and versatile		48 Speirantha
+	Leaves grasslike, 4--12 mm wide, sessile; bracteole present; anthers basifixed		47 Theropogon
54 (51)	Scape arising from a creeping rhizome, with 1 flower apically		54 Aspidistra
+	Scape arising from a leaf tuft, with a several- to many-flowered inflorescence apically.		(55)
55 (54)	Inflorescence a raceme; flowers nodding; leaf bases forming a pseudostem		49 Convallaria
+	Inflorescence a spike; flowers erect; pseudostem absent.		(56)
56 (55)	Perianth lobes reflexed; anthers lanceolate; rhizome slender, 2--4 mm in diam.		50 Reineckea
+	Perianth lobes spreading to inflexed; anthers ovate to suborbicular; rhizome usually stout, (2--)6--30 mm in diam.		(57)
57 (56)	Perianth lobes very small, inflexed		52 Rohdea
+	Perianth lobes 1/3--1/2 as long as tube, spreading to incurved.		(58)
58 (57)	Anthers positioned higher than or as high as stigma; style short, 1(--3.5) mm, or absent; stigma small, 3-lobed		51 Campylandra
+	Anthers positioned lower than stigma; style long, 4--12 mm; stigma large, 2--7 mm in diam., peltate to mushroom-shaped		53 Tupistra