1	Leaves undivided, or at least lower 2 or 3 pairs of cauline leaves undivided		(2)
+	Leaves all divided, or rarely lowest 1 or 2 pairs of cauline leaves undivided		(9)
2 (1)	Rhizomes relatively stout, 0.5-1.5 cm in diam.; leaves cordate at base, 2-14 × 3-10 cm.		13 V. jatamansi
+	Rhizomes relatively slender, less than 0.5 cm in diam.; leaves not cordate at base		(3)
3 (2)	Leaves all undivided		(4)
+	Upper cauline leaves divided		(6)
4 (3)	Leaves entire or sparsely crenulate; plants less than 12 cm tall; achenes hairy.		21 V. trichostoma
+	Leaves serrate; plants more than 12 cm tall; achenes glabrous		(5)
5 (4)	Inflorescences laxly paniculiform at anthesis, flowers clustered at branch tips; stem glabrous.		15 V. lancifolia
+	Inflorescences compact and capitate at anthesis; stem hirsute.		11 V. hiemalis
6 (3)	Undivided leaves entire		(7)
+	Undivided leaves serrate		(8)
7 (6)	Plants 10-35 cm tall; leaf segments sparsely serrate.		5 V. fedtschenkoi
+	Plants 5-15 cm tall; leaf segments entire.		20 V. tangutica
8 (6)	Corolla less than 3 mm; upper cauline leaves usually pinnatisect, segments 5-7.		16 V. minutiflora
+	Corolla 3.5-4 mm; upper cauline leaves 3-segmented, rarely 5-segmented, lateral segments much smaller than terminal segment.		2 V. barbulata
9 (1)	Rhizomes 2-8 cm, with marked internodes; roots fibrous, not fascicled; inflorescences lax, with several separate corymbs even at anthesis.		7 V. flaccidissima
+	Rhizomes reduced, without marked internodes; roots fascicled; inflorescences compact or lax at anthesis		(10)
10 (9)	Leaf segments entire, rarely incised; plants 5-20(-50) cm tall; leaves all pinnatisect or at least middle and upper cauline leaves pinnatisect, with 4-11 pairs of segments; inflorescences compact at least at anthesis		(11)
+	Leaf segments always serrate (except V. stenoptera); plants more than (20-)30 cm tall; leaves pinnatisect or not, with 1-11 pairs of segments; inflorescences lax or compact		(14)
11 (10)	Plants 5-20(-30) cm tall; leaf segments rounded or obtuse; terminal segment ± larger than lateral ones		(12)
+	Plants 10-50 cm tall; leaf segments acute to acuminate at apex; terminal segments similar to or larger than lateral ones		(13)
12 (11)	Achenes hirsute on both sides; petiole of lowermost cauline leaves 3-6 cm.		12 V. hirticalyx
+	Achenes glabrous; petiole of lowermost cauline leaves 0.5-2 cm.		8 V. flagellifera
13 (11)	Corolla 1.5-3 mm; stems sparsely retrorsely puberulent; all leaf segments similar in shape and size, sparsely puberulent.		19 V. stenoptera
+	Corolla ca. 6 mm; stems glabrous; terminal leaf segment larger than lateral ones, glabrous or sometimes ciliate.		6 V. ficariifolia
14 (10)	Inflorescences lax, with several separate heads even at anthesis		(15)
+	Inflorescences compact and capitate, at least at anthesis		(18)
15 (14)	Leaves lyrate, terminal segment markedly larger, over 2 times wider than lateral ones; corolla rose or red, 3-4 mm.		10 V. hengduanensis
+	Leaves pinnatisect, terminal segments slightly wider than lateral ones; corolla white, 1.5-3.5 mm, or rose, 4-4.5 mm		(16)
16 (15)	Corolla rose, 4-4.5 mm; inflorescence corymbiform; achenes ca. 4 mm.		18 V. sichuanica
+	Corolla white, 1.5-3.5 mm; inflorescence paniculiform; achenes 2-2.5(-3) mm		(17)
17 (16)	Plants over 50 cm tall; leaf segments large, terminal ones over 3 cm.		9 V. hardwickii
+	Plants usually less than 20 cm, rarely up to 30 cm tall; leaf segments smaller, terminal ones less than 2 cm.		3 V. briquetiana
18 (14)	Leaves usually lyrate, with 1-4 pairs of segments; terminal segment markedly larger than lateral segments		(19)
+	Leaves pinnatisect, with 4-11 pairs of segments; terminal segment equal to or slightly larger than lateral segments		(21)
19 (18)	Corolla narrowly tubular, tube 4-6 × as long as lobes; achenes 1.5-2 mm.		4 V. daphniflora
+	Corolla funnelform, tube nearly as long as lobes; achenes 2.5-3 mm		(20)
20 (19)	Roots fibrous, less than 1 mm in diam.; lateral leaf segments 1- or 2-paired; corolla lobes elliptic.		2 V. barbulata
+	Roots ± carrot-shaped, 1.5-2 mm in diam.; lateral leaf segments 1-4-paired; corolla lobes ovate.		16 V. minutiflora
21 (18)	Leaf segments usually entire, rarely incised, acute to acuminate at apex.		19 V. stenoptera
+	Leaf segments always serrate, obtuse or acute at apex		(22)
22 (21)	Plants 10-20 cm tall; corolla white, tubular, ca. 2.7 mm.		14 V. kawakamii
+	Plants over 50 cm tall; corolla rose or white, funnelform, 3-6 cm		(23)
23 (22)	Plants glandular-hairy at upper part of stems and inflorescence rachises; inflorescence capitate.		1 V. amurensis
+	Plants without glandular hairs; inflorescence corymbiform.		17 V. officinalis