1	Leaves obviously white or brown gland-dotted, with concave reticulate venation or glands, glands deciduous		(2)
+	Leaves without concave reticulate venation, usually not gland-dotted		(14)
2 (1)	Middle stem leaves 1- or 2-pinnatisect, segments (3 or)4 or 5 pairs		(3)
+	Middle stem leaves entire, or 2- or 3-cleft, or pinnatifid, if pinnatisect then segments 1-3 pairs only		(5)
3 (2)	Stem, branches, and phyllaries glabrous or sparsely puberulent, glabrescent; leaves brown gland-dotted, lobes acuminate.		79 A. occidentalisinensis
+	Stem, branches, and phyllaries pubescent; leaves white gland-dotted, lobes obtuse		(4)
4 (3)	Stem, branches, and phyllaries rust-colored or brown tomentose or pubescent; leaves abaxially gray tomentose; capitula hemispheric or subovoid, 3-4(-5) mm in diam., in relatively long narrow panicles.		99 A. imponens
+	Stem, branches, and phyllaries gray puberulent; leaves abaxially arachnoid pubescent; phyllaries puberulent initially, later glabrescent; capitula subglobose or ovoid, 1-2 mm in diam., in broad, much-branched panicles.		61 A. zhongdianensis
5 (2)	Middle stem leaves entire or 2- or 3-cleft or -partite, mixed sparsely serrate, attenuate basally, sessile; capitula 3-4 mm in diam.; phyllaries abaxially arachnoid tomentose with dark brown center.		54 A. stolonifera
+	Middle stem leaves 1- or 2-pinnatipartite, or 1- or 2-pinnatisect and then segments 1-3 pairs only; capitula 1.5-3 mm in diam.; phyllaries pubescent or not, but without dark brown center		(6)
6 (5)	Middle stem leaves 1- or 2-pinnatisect		(7)
+	Middle stem leaves 1- or 2-pinnatipartite to -pinnatifid		(10)
7 (6)	Branches (3-)5-10 cm; middle stem leaves 5-10 × 3-8 cm, lobules lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, more than 3 mm wide		(8)
+	Branches 2-3(-5) cm; middle stem leaves less than 4 × 4 cm, lobules linear, less than 3 mm wide		(9)
8 (7)	Middle stem leaves (1 or)2-pinnatisect, adaxially arachnoid pubescent, later glabrescent; phyllaries arachnoid tomentose.		58 A. lavandulifolia
+	Middle stem leaves 1(or 2)-pinnatisect, adaxially subglabrous; phyllaries sparsely arachnoid pubescent, later glabrescent.		59 A. verlotorum
9 (7)	Leaves adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely tomentose, apex obtuse; phyllaries densely arachnoid tomentose.		60 A. kanashiroi
+	Leaves adaxially puberulent, later glabrescent, abaxially densely arachnoid tomentose, lobules acute; phyllaries puberulent initially, later glabrescent.		64 A. lancea
10 (6)	Middle stem leaf segments 2 or 3 pairs, lobes 2-3(-4) mm wide.		55 A. argyi
+	Middle stem leaf segments 1 or 2 pairs, lobes usually (3-)5-30 mm wide		(11)
11 (10)	Middle stem leaves 3-lobed, middle lobe 6-10 × 1.5-3 cm, larger than laterals, abaxially densely gray or yellowish and arachnoid pubescent; leaf apex acuminate		(12)
+	Middle stem leaves (3 or)5-lobed, middle lobe 2-6 × 0.3-0.6(-1) cm, subequal to or slightly larger than lateral lobes, abaxially yellow pubescent, veins sparsely puberulent; leaf apex acute		(13)
12 (11)	Plants (30-)80-150 cm tall; phyllaries densely arachnoid pubescent; bisexual florets 7-13.		56 A. gilvescens
+	Plants 150-200 cm tall or more; phyllaries sparsely pubescent or glabrescent; bisexual florets 12-16.		57 A. austroyunnanensis
13 (11)	Middle lobe of leaf blade slightly larger than lateral lobes, adaxially sparsely puberulent; capitula in broad panicles, ovoid; phyllaries pubescent.		62 A. calophylla
+	Middle lobe of leaf blade subequal to lateral lobes, adaxially sparsely barbate; capitula in narrow panicles, ellipsoid; phyllaries sparsely arachnoid pubescent.		63 A. velutina
14 (1)	Middle stem leaves entire, margin serrate or not, or 3-5-partite		(15)
+	Middle stem leaves pinnately 1-3-divided		(22)
15 (14)	Middle stem leaves palmately or ternately 3- or 5-partite		(16)
+	Middle stem leaves entire		(17)
16 (15)	Synflorescence a lax, broad panicle; capitula 4-5 mm in diam.		88 A. tafelii
+	Synflorescence a long, narrow panicle; capitula 2-2.5 mm in diam.		105 A. selengensis
17 (15)	Leaves 8-13 cm, margin serrulate.		87 A. viridissima
+	Leaves less than 8 cm, margin entire or occasionally 1-3-serrate or remotely toothed		(18)
18 (17)	Stem, branches, leaves, and phyllaries glabrous or puberulent initially, glabrescent; capitula subglobose, ovoid, or ovoid-campanulate		(19)
+	Stem, branches, leaves, and phyllaries arachnoid tomentose and pubescent; capitula ellipsoid or oblong		(20)
19 (18)	Middle stem leaves widest above middle; capitula 3-3.5 mm in diam.		106 A. keiskeana
+	Middle stem leaves widest at or below middle; capitula 1-2 mm in diam.		82 A. nilagirica
20 (18)	Middle stem leaves 0.3-0.6 cm wide, apex obtuse, usually entire, rarely 1- or 2-serrate.		84 A. subulata
+	Middle stem leaves (0.7-)1.5-2.5(-3) cm wide, apex acuminate, 1-3-serrate or lacerate at apex		(21)
21 (20)	Capitula (2.5-)3-4 mm in diam.; bisexual florets 20-30.		83 A. integrifolia
+	Capitula 2-2.5 mm in diam.; bisexual florets 10-15.		105 A. selengensis
22 (14)	Middle stem leaves with 1 or 2 pairs of segments		(23)
+	Middle stem leaves with 2-6(or 7) pairs of segments		(24)
23 (22)	Subshrubs, 10-20 cm tall; middle stem leaves 1-1.5 cm, lobe apices obtuse.		69 A. nujianensis
+	Perennial herbs, 80-200 cm tall; middle stem leaves 6-12 cm, lobe apices acuminate.		86 A. viridisquama
24 (22)	Capitula 5-10 mm in diam., bisexual florets 30-60		(25)
+	Capitula 1.5-5 mm in diam., bisexual florets 4-25 (30-35 in A. moorcroftiana)		(26)
25 (24)	Capitula 6-10 mm in diam., synflorescence a simple terminal raceme; phyllaries densely yellowish pubescent.		100 A. smithii
+	Capitula 5-7 mm in diam., synflorescence a slender panicle with at least lower capitula on lateral branches; phyllaries rust-colored pubescent.		101 A. speciosa
26 (24)	Capitula (3-)3.5-5 mm in diam		(27)
+	Capitula 1.5-3(-3.5) in diam., ellipsoid, oblong, ovoid, or ovoid-oblong, usually in laxer synflorescences		(43)
27 (26)	Leaf blade abaxially glabrous.		92 A. tainingensis
+	Leaf blade abaxially puberulent to tomentose		(28)
28 (27)	Leaf blade abaxially pubescent or puberulent, sometimes arachnoid or silky		(29)
+	Leaf blade abaxially tomentose, sometimes pubescent on veins		(34)
29 (28)	Plants 8-30 cm tall; middle stem leaves 1.5-4 × 0.5-2 cm		(30)
+	Plants 60-130(-200) cm tall; middle stem leaves 6-22 × 4-18 cm		(31)
30 (29)	Phyllaries puberulent; leaf blade abaxially densely gray pubescent; plant 30-50 cm tall.		95 A. youngii
+	Phyllaries densely brown-yellow tomentose; leaf blade abaxially yellowish pubescent; plant 8-30 cm tall.		97 A. comaiensis
31 (29)	Middle stem leaves with 2 or 3(or 4) pairs of segments.		70 A. robusta
+	Middle stem leaves with (3 or)4-6 pairs of segments		(32)
32 (31)	Leaves 3.5-4 cm wide, lobules 5-8 mm.		104 A. somae
+	Leaves 4-12 cm wide, lobules 10-15 mm		(33)
33 (32)	Capitula subglobose; phyllaries not brown, pubescent.		102 A. sinensis
+	Capitula ovoid-campanulate or ovoid; phyllaries brown, glabrescent.		109 A. taibaishanensis
34 (28)	Middle stem leaves 13-19 cm.		89 A. montana
+	Middle stem leaves 6-12 cm		(35)
35 (34)	Plants 8-30(-35) cm tall		(36)
+	Plants 30-150 cm tall		(38)
36 (35)	Perennial herbs; phyllaries white tomentose; female florets 13-16.		92 A. tainingensis
+	Subshrubs; phyllaries densely pubescent; female florets 8-10		(37)
37 (36)	Leaf blade abaxially densely white tomentose, adaxially sparsely sericeous- tomentose.		103 A. kawakamii
+	Leaf blade abaxially densely gray or yellowish tomentose, adaxially glabrescent.		94 A. campbellii
38 (35)	Middle stem leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of segments		(39)
+	Middle stem leaves with (3 or)4-6 pairs of segments		(41)
39 (38)	Synflorescence a ± broad panicle; phyllaries gray arachnoid tomentose; leaf blades adaxially gray tomentose when young.		81 A. igniaria
+	Synflorescence a narrow panicle; phyllaries arachnoid pubescent; leaf blades adaxially sparsely arachnoid pubescent		(40)
40 (39)	Leaf blade pinnatipartite, adaxially glandular punctuate.		68 A. leucophylla
+	Leaf blade pinnatisect, adaxially not glandular punctuate.		85 A. brachyphylla
41 (38)	Largest leaf blade (1.5-)3-5.5 × (1.5-)2-3 cm; plants 30-70 cm tall; female florets 5-9; bisexual florets 8-15.		98 A. orientalihengduangensis
+	Largest leaf blade 6-14 × 3.5-4 cm; plants 70-130(-150) cm tall; female florets 10-20; bisexual florets 15-35		(42)
42 (41)	Perennial herbs 80-150 cm tall; synflorescence a lax, much-branched, broad panicle.		71 A. qinlingensis
+	Subshrubs 50-70 cm tall; synflorescence a narrow panicle.		90 A. moorcroftiana
43 (26)	Middle stem leaves with 4-6 pairs of segments		(44)
+	Middle stem leaves with 1-3(or 4) pairs of segments, if 4 then phyllaries densely arachnoid pubescent		(51)
44 (43)	Plants 30-40 cm tall		(45)
+	Plants (45-)50-160 cm tall		(46)
45 (44)	Plants glabrescent; phyllaries ± glabrous; middle stem leaves 0.5-1.5 cm wide, ultimate lobules elliptic, 3-4 mm.		93 A. orientalixizangensis
+	Plants tomentose; phyllaries sparsely yellowish tomentose; middle stem leaves 1.5-2.5 cm wide, ultimate lobules linear-lanceolate, 5-8 mm.		96 A. jilongensis
46 (44)	Leaf blade abaxially sparsely gray pubescent or glabrescent.		107 A. fulgens
+	Leaf blade abaxially densely arachnoid tomentose		(47)
47 (46)	Capitula 3-3.5 mm in diam., usually widely spaced along branches; female florets 10-15.		71 A. qinlingensis
+	Capitula 1.5-3(-3.5) mm in diam., if more than 3 mm then densely spaced; female florets 2-10		(48)
48 (47)	Middle stem leaves ± sessile; bisexual florets 8-20		(49)
+	Middle stem leaves petiolate; bisexual florets 4-8		(50)
49 (48)	Lobules of middle stem leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.		65 A. vulgaris
+	Lobules of middle stem leaves elliptic, oblong, or serrate.		72 A. phyllobotrys
50 (48)	Stem and branches glabrescent; middle stem leaves with petiole 1-1.5 cm, blade 4-5 cm.		76 A. divaricata
+	Stem and branches densely intermixed gray and yellowish long pubescent and tomentose; middle stem leaves with petiole 0.3-0.5 cm, blade 6-8 cm.		91 A. abaensis
51 (43)	Subshrubs 10-20 cm tall; middle stem leaves 1-1.5 × 0.8-1 cm, 1-pinnatipartite with 1 or 2 pairs of segments.		69 A. nujianensis
+	Perennial herbs, less often subshrubs, 30-150 cm tall; middle stem leaves 2-18(-20) × 2-10 cm, 1- or 2-pinnatipartite or pinnatisect with 2 or 3(or 4) pairs of segments		(52)
52 (51)	Phyllaries glabrous or glabrescent		(53)
+	Phyllaries persistently arachnoid tomentose or pubescent		(59)
53 (52)	Leaf blade pinnatisect, segments 1- or 2-paired, or leaf entire; capitula not subtended by leaflike bracts.		105 A. selengensis
+	Leaf blade 1- or 2-pinnatipartite to subpinnatisect, segments 2-4-paired; capitula mostly subtended by leaflike bracts		(54)
54 (53)	Leaf blade (8-)10-18(-20) cm, abaxially pubescent, sparsely gray arachnoid tomentose or glabrescent		(55)
+	Leaf blade 5-10 cm, abaxially densely gray arachnoid tomentose		(57)
55 (54)	Capitula subglobose or ovoid, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., in broad, much-branched panicles.		108 A. sylvatica
+	Capitula oblong or ellipsoid, (1.5-)2-3 mm in diam., in narrow or somewhat broad, rarely broad, panicles		(56)
56 (55)	Leaf blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, (7-)14-18(-20) cm; phyllaries not brown.		80 A. incisa
+	Leaf blade suborbicular or broadly ovate, 10-14 cm; phyllaries brown.		109 A. taibaishanensis
57 (54)	Middle stem leaves (1 or)2-pinnatisect, segments lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or linear, 2-6(-10) mm wide; synflorescence branchlets densely spicate.		75 A. rubripes
+	Middle stem leaves 1- or 2-pinnatisect or -partite or -cleft, segments not as above; synflorescence branchlets laxer, more racemelike		(58)
58 (57)	Middle stem leaves with 3(or 4) pairs of segments, distal lobe larger than lateral lobes, lateral lobes 1- or 2-partite; capitula erect or ± nodding.		77 A. indica
+	Middle stem leaves with 2(or 3) pairs of segments, distal lobe larger than lateral lobes, basal lobes larger than lateral lobes, lobes entire or rarely 1- or 2-serrate; capitula nodding.		78 A. princeps
59 (52)	Branches more than 20 cm; phyllaries with brown centers.		66 A. yunnanensis
+	Branches less than 20 cm; phyllaries not with brown centers		(60)
60 (59)	Middle stem leaves elliptic or oblong, 1(or 2)-pinnatipartite, segments (2 or)3 or 4 pairs, elliptic, acuminate, 1- or 2-serrate, base attenuate; capitula in narrow panicles.		85 A. brachyphylla
+	Middle stem leaves not as above; capitula in broad or somewhat broad or narrow panicles		(61)
61 (60)	Middle stem leaves (1 or)2-pinnatisect, lobules linear, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute apically		(62)
+	Middle stem leaves 1- or 2-pinnatipartite or 1-pinnatisect, lobules elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate and then obtuse apically		(63)
62 (61)	Middle stem leaves with (2 or)3(or 4) pairs of segments; capitula 2-3 mm in diam., in broad panicles.		67 A. roxburghiana
+	Middle stem leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of segments; capitula 1.5-2 mm in diam., in narrow or somewhat broad panicles.		73 A. mongolica
63 (61)	Branches more than 20 cm; middle stem leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of segments, lobes and lobules obtuse apically, petiole tomentose at base; capitula in broad panicles; phyllaries densely arachnoid pubescent, brown at center.		66 A. yunnanensis
+	Branches less than 10 cm; middle stem leaves with 3(or 4) pairs of segments; petiole not tomentose at base; capitula in narrow or somewhat broad panicles; phyllaries puberulent, not brown at center		(64)
64 (63)	Leaves arachnoid tomentose, blades of lowermost stem leaves elliptic or ovate- elliptic, middle stem leaves 1-pinnatisect, with 2 or 3(or 4) pairs of segments; capitula in dense panicles.		68 A. leucophylla
+	Leaves arachnoid pubescent, glabrescent, blades of lowermost stem leaves ovate, suborbicular, or broadly ovate, middle stem leaves 2-pinnatipartite or -sect, with 3(or 4) pairs of segments; capitula in lax panicles.		74 A. verbenacea