Cynodontium flexicaule Schwägrichen, Sp. Musc. Frond. Suppl. 1(1): 113, plate 29. 1811

Plants usually in dense tufts, green to brownish green, dull. Stems 1-4 cm, usually tomentose prox-imally, sometimes only slightly so, ± matted together. Leaves stiff to flexuose, rarely ± falcate, to ca. 3 mm, from an ovate to elongate-ovate, sheathing base contracted rather suddenly to the subula, lamina 1-stratose; margins entire or very weakly denticulate at the apex, often 2-stratose distally on the margins; costa occupying ¹/4-¹/3 width of the leaf base, ± convex abaxially, in section with weakly defined adaxial and abaxial stereid bands; cells of the subula short-rectangular to elongate-rhomboid, becoming more elongate in the base, cells adjacent to the costa with only weakly nodulose longitudinal walls, narrower towards the margins. Specialized asexual reproduction unknown. Sexual condition dioicous; male plants shorter than female plants. Seta dark red-brown, to 2 cm, ± flexuose. Capsule ± erect, dark brown, cylindric, to 1.5 mm; operculum high- conic to conic-rostrate, 0.7-0.9 mm; peristome teeth 2-fid nearly to the short basal membrane, densely spiculose-papillose, light brown proximally, pale distally, 300-450 µm. Spores 9-12 µm, finely papillose.

Capsules seldom produced, mature summer (Jun-Jul). Calciphilic, rock or soil over rock, especially bluffs, cliff shelves or crevices of cliffs, usually in dry and exposed places; low to high elevations; Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Nunavut, Ont., Que, Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mich., Minn., Mont., Wash., Wyo.; Central America (Guatemala); Europe; Asia; Pacific Islands (New Guinea, New Zealand).

Ditrichum flexicaule in the broad sense (including D. gracile) is exceedingly variable in morphology, not only in North America (A. J. Grout 1928-1940, vol. 1, part 1; H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson 1981) but throughout the world (R. D. Seppelt 1982; A. A. Frisvoll 1985). While many workers have treated the variation and the described variant taxa as one highly polymorphic species (Crum and Anderson; M. F. V. Corley et al. 1981), others (Frisvoll; E. Nyholm 1986+, fasc. 1; I. Novotny 1996) have recognized two principal entities, D. flexicaule and D. crispatissimum (= D. crinale (Taylor) Kuntze). We have followed this latter interpretation. A comprehensive molecular analysis of the group would be highly desirable. Crum and Anderson related all variation in habit and microscopic details to environmental conditions, particularly shade and moisture. Frisvoll differentiated two taxa largely on the basis of gametophytic features. Notwithstanding the considerable variability exhibited by these taxa, we also consider them distinct. While often found infertile, D. flexicaule is more commonly found with sporophytes than is D. gracile. Both are calciphiles.