| 1 |
Plants usually not fetid; fruit an obconic capsule, dehiscent apex relatively short; seed testa smooth or finely striate |
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(2) |
| + |
Plants commonly fetid; fruit an ovoid capsule, dehiscent apex elongate; seeds reticulate (1. C. subg. Codonopsis) |
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(6) |
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| 2 (1) |
Corolla campanulate, lobed for less than 1/2 its length (2. C. subg. Obconicapsula). |
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36 C. dicentrifolia |
| + |
Corolla rotate, divided for more than 3/4 its length (3. C. subg. Pseudocodonopsis) |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Stem erect or procumbent, scapiform; leaves rosulate. |
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37 C. rosulata |
| + |
Stem twining or suberect; leaves opposite or alternate, not rosulate |
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(4) |
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| 4 (3) |
Stem usually more than 1 m, twining and leafy throughout. |
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39 C. convolvulacea |
| + |
Stem usually less than 1 m, erect or twining only at apex; leaves mostly aggregated toward stem base |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Stem and adaxial surface of leaves hirsute; leaves ovate, serrate. |
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38 C. hirsuta |
| + |
Stem and leaves glabrous; leaves linear, entire. |
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40 C. graminifolia |
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| 6 (1) |
Stem twining, leafy throughout, often over 1 m (C. sect. Codonopsis) |
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(7) |
| + |
Stems erect or ascending (sometimes climbing or procumbent but not twining), often scapiform, less than 1 m tall (C. sect. Erectae) |
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(21) |
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| 7 (6) |
Leaves pseudoverticillate, in fascicles of 3 or 4 at apex of lateral branches |
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(8) |
| + |
Leaves alternate or opposite, not pseudoverticillate |
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(9) |
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| 8 (7) |
Roots usually fusiform; leaf apex acute; calyx lobes 2-3 cm; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm; seeds winged. |
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1 C. lanceolata |
| + |
Roots tuberous; leaf apex obtuse; calyx lobes 1-1.5 cm; corolla 2-2.5 cm; seeds terete. |
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2 C. ussuriensis |
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| 9 (7) |
Corolla tubular |
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(10) |
| + |
Corolla campanulate, globose-campanulate, or tubular-campanulate |
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(11) |
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| 10 (9) |
Leaves deeply incised, large serrate, base cordate to broadly cuneate. |
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14 C. deltoidea |
| + |
Leaves shallowly incised, serrate, or subentire, base cuneate to rounded. |
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15 C. tubulosa |
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| 11 (9) |
Calyx lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, well separated, 10-20 × 2-3 mm, length/width ratio > 5. |
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8 C. viridis |
| + |
Calyx lobes wider, proximate, length/width ratio < 3 |
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(12) |
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| 12 (11) |
Calyx ± pubescent |
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(13) |
| + |
Calyx glabrous |
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(14) |
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| 13 (12) |
Leaves less than 3 × 3 cm; calyx tube hirsute, lobes ovate-orbicular or rhombic-ovate, dentate and hirsute; corolla globose-campanulate. |
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6 C. subglobosa |
| + |
Leaves much more than 3 × 3 cm; calyx tube sparsely hairy, lobes narrowly oblong or lanceolate, subentire, densely puberulent; corolla broadly campanulate. |
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7 C. affinis |
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| 14 (12) |
Lower leaves cordate, truncate, or rounded at base |
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(15) |
| + |
Lower cauline leaves cuneate or rounded (occasionally cordate) at base |
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(17) |
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| 15 (14) |
Stem almost simple; leaves subentire or slightly sinuous on margins. |
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3 C. cordifolioidea |
| + |
Stem branched; leaves serrate on margins |
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(16) |
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| 16 (15) |
Corolla large, more than 1.5 × 1.7 cm, usually longer than calyx lobes. |
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4 C. pilosula |
| + |
Corolla small, less than 1 × 1.5 cm, shorter than or subequal to calyx lobes. |
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5 C. micrantha |
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| 17 (14) |
Stems and leaves glabrous; leaves entire |
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(18) |
| + |
Stems and leaves ± hairy; leaves crenulate or serrate on margins |
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(19) |
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| 18 (17) |
Leaves 0.5-2 × 0.5-1.5 cm, apex acute or obtuse. |
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9 C. farreri |
| + |
Leaves 6-7 × 2-2.5 cm, apex shortly acuminate. |
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10 C. rotundifolia |
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| 19 (17) |
Calyx lobes ciliate, reflexed. |
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11 C. henryi |
| + |
Calyx lobes glabrous, not reflexed |
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(20) |
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| 20 (19) |
Leaf blade 3-15 × 1-7 cm, apex acuminate. |
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12 C. levicalyx |
| + |
Leaf blade up to 2.3 × 1.7 cm, apex rounded or acute. |
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13 C. kawakamii |
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| 21 (6) |
Stems without branches like pinnate leaves and usually sterile |
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(22) |
| + |
Stems with branches like pinnate leaves and usually sterile |
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(29) |
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| 22 (21) |
Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate; filaments villous; stems mostly procumbent or climbing |
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(23) |
| + |
Corolla campanulate; filaments not villous; stems mostly erect or scapiform |
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(24) |
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| 23 (22) |
Corolla 2-4 cm, yellow-green, base shaded brown-red, glabrous. |
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16 C. benthamii |
| + |
Corolla only ca. 1.7 cm, yellowish, with purple-blue spots, densely puberulent outside. |
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17 C. pianmaensis |
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| 24 (22) |
Leaves located at lower part of stems, main stems scapiform |
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(25) |
| + |
Leaves evenly arranged on main stems, not scapiform |
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(26) |
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| 25 (24) |
Petiole 2-7 cm, leaf blade 2-13 × 1.5-5 cm; main stem with 1-4 flowers; calyx lobes 5-7 × ca. 3 mm, with sinus between them broad and obtuse; corolla less than 1.5 cm wide. |
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19 C. subscaposa |
| + |
Petiole less than 1 cm, leaf blade 5-8 × 1.5-3 cm; main stem with 1 or 2 flowers; calyx lobes 8-12 × 4-6 mm, with sinus between them narrow; corolla up to 3 cm wide. |
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20 C. meleagris |
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| 26 (24) |
Leaves opposite; plants glabrous throughout. |
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21 C. purpurea |
| + |
Leaves alternate |
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(27) |
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| 27 (26) |
Plants ± hairy; corolla less than 2 cm. |
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18 C. subsimplex |
| + |
Plants glabrous; corolla more than 3.5 cm |
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(28) |
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| 28 (27) |
Leaves lanceolate, 1.5-6.5 cm, entire; calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 18-20 × 2-3 mm. |
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23 C. gombalana |
| + |
Leaves broadly lanceolate, 5-14 × 3-7 cm, serrate; calyx lobes 20-30 × 6-10 mm. |
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24 C. chimiliensis |
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| 29 (21) |
Veins on leaves conspicuous, leaf margins revolute forming thick periphery |
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(30) |
| + |
Veins on leaves inconspicuous, leaf margins not revolute |
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(35) |
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| 30 (29) |
Corolla broadly tubular, ca. 1.2 cm; lower slender branches sometimes fertile. |
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35 C. bhutanica |
| + |
Corolla campanulate, more than 1.5 cm; lower slender branches sterile |
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(31) |
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| 31 (30) |
Leaves subentire; flowers entirely glabrous |
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(32) |
| + |
Leaves crenulate; flowers ± hairy on some parts |
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(33) |
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| 32 (31) |
Leaves not more than 1.8 × 1.5 cm, sparsely puberulent abaxially; corolla purple-green, with purple veins. |
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30 C. alpina |
| + |
Leaves up to 3.2 × 2.6 cm, glabrous on both surfaces; corolla pale blue, with red-brown spots inside. |
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31 C. cardiophylla |
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| 33 (31) |
Calyx lobes 5-7 × 2-3 mm, with sinus between them broad and obtuse. |
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34 C. chlorocodon |
| + |
Calyx lobes more than 10 mm, with sinus between them narrow and acute |
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(34) |
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| 34 (33) |
Corolla glabrous throughout; calyx tube mostly glabrous, lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broadest at middle, hispidulous only at apex outside. |
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32 C. viridiflora |
| + |
Corolla villous inside; calyx tube mostly hairy, lobes narrowly triangular, broadest at base, mostly entirely hispidulous. |
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33 C. tsinlingensis |
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| 35 (29) |
Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate, at least lower part tubular |
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(36) |
| + |
Corolla broadly campanulate |
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(37) |
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| 36 (35) |
Corolla tubular; connective setose. |
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25 C. thalictrifolia |
| + |
Corolla tubular-campanulate, lower half tubular but abruptly expanded at middle; connective glabrous. |
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26 C. bulleyana |
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| 37 (35) |
Plants white with dense white hairs; leaf blade less than 1.5 × 1 cm. |
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28 C. canescens |
| + |
Plants green with sparse hairs; leaf blade usually larger |
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(38) |
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| 38 (37) |
Calyx lobes 15-20 × 6-8 mm, hairy only at apex; leaf blades 1-5 × 0.8-3.2 cm. |
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22 C. clematidea |
| + |
Calyx lobes much smaller, hairy throughout; leaf blades mostly smaller |
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(39) |
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| 39 (38) |
Corolla villous both inside and outside. |
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29 C. argentea |
| + |
Corolla glabrous or hairy only toward lobes outside. |
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27 C. foetens |
