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20. Zingiberaceae Lindley
姜科 jiang ke
Authors: Delin Wu & Kai Larsen
Herbs perennial, terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, aromatic, with fleshy, tuberous or non-tuberous rhizomes, often with tuber-bearing roots. Stems usually short, replaced by pseudostems formed by leaf sheaths. Leaves distichous, simple, those toward base of plant usually bladeless and reduced to sheaths; leaf sheath open; ligule usually present; petiole present or not, located between leaf blade and sheath, cushionlike in Zingiber; leaf blade suborbicular or lanceolate to narrowly strap-shaped, rolled longitudinally in bud, glabrous or hairy, midvein prominent, lateral veins usually numerous, pinnate, parallel, margin entire. Inflorescence terminal on pseudostems or on separate, short, sheath-covered shoots arising from rhizomes, cylindric or fusiform, sometimes globose, lax to dense, few to many flowered, sometimes with bracteolate cincinni in bract axils and then a thyrse, sometimes a raceme or spike; bracts and bracteoles present, often conspicuous, colored. Flowers bisexual, epigynous, zygomorphic. Calyx usually tubular, thin, split on 1 side, sometimes spathelike, apex 3-toothed or -lobed. Corolla proximally tubular, distally 3-lobed; lobes varying in size and shape. Stamens or staminodes 6, in 2 whorls. Lateral 2 staminodes of outer whorl petaloid, or forming small teeth at base of labellum, or adnate to labellum, or absent. Median staminode of outer whorl always reduced. Labellum formed from lateral 2 staminodes of inner whorl. Fertile stamen median, of inner whorl; filament long or short; anther locules 2, introrse, dehiscing by slits or occasionally pores; connective often extended basally into spurs and/or apically into a crest. Ovary inferior, 3-loculed initially, 1- or 3-loculed when mature; ovules ± numerous per locule; placentation parietal, basal, or axile. Developed style 1, very thin, placed in a furrow in filament and between anther locules; stigma appearing above anther, funnelform, papillose, ± wet, margin often ciliate. Stylodes 2, reduced to nectaries at apex of ovary. Fruit a capsule, fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes berrylike. Seeds few to many, arillate; aril often lobed or lacerate.
About 50 genera and 1300 species: pantropical with center of diversity in S and SE Asia, some species in America and subtropical and warm-temperate Asia; 20 genera (one endemic) and 216 species (141 endemic, four introduced) in China.
Wu Te-lin, Chen Sen-jen, Tsai Hsi-tao, Tong Shao-quan, Chen Pei-shan & Zhao Shi-wang. 1981. Zingiberaceae subfam. Zingiberoideae. In: Wu Te-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(2): 22--148.
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| 1 |
Lateral staminodes forming small teeth at base of labellum, or adnate to labellum (forming a 3-lobed structure), or absent. |
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(2) |
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Lateral staminodes petaloid. |
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(10) |
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| 2 (1) |
Lateral staminodes adnate to labellum forming a 3-lobed structure; style extended well beyond fertile part of anther; anther connective crest elongate, wrapped around style |
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1 Zingiber |
| + |
Lateral staminodes forming small teeth at base of labellum or absent; style extended just beyond fertile part of anther; anther connective crest (if present) not wrapped around style. |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Inflorescences terminal or lateral on pseudostems. |
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(4) |
| + |
Inflorescences on separate shoots arising from rhizomes. |
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(7) |
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| 4 (3) |
Inflorescences lateral, breaking through leaf sheaths |
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2 Plagiostachys |
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Inflorescences terminal. |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Labellum horizontal or pendulous, broad; filament usually shorter than corolla or labellum |
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3 Alpinia |
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Labellum erect, narrow, or absent; filament exserted above corolla. |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Labellum erect, narrowly spatulate, base adnate to filament; leaf blade subsagittate or cordate at base |
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4 Pommereschea |
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Labellum absent; filament boat-shaped, apex narrow; leaf blade rounded or acute at apex |
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5 Rhynchanthus |
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| 7 (3) |
Inflorescence not surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of sterile bracts. |
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(8) |
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Inflorescence surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of sterile bracts. |
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(9) |
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| 8 (7) |
Bracteoles tubular; leaves usually numerous |
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6 Amomum |
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Bracteoles not tubular; leaves 1 or 2 |
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7 Elettariopsis |
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| 9 (7) |
Base of labellum adnate to filament to form a distinct tube above lateral staminodes and corolla lobes; corolla tube shorter than or equaling labellum |
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8 Etlingera |
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Base of labellum free from filament; corolla tube more than 2 × as long as labellum |
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9 Hornstedtia |
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| 10 (1) |
Ovary 1-loculed, placentation parietal; anther long; labellum adnate to filament to form a slender tube above lateral staminodes and corolla lobes |
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10 Globba |
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Ovary 3-loculed, placentation axile; anther short; labellum free from filament. |
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(11) |
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| 11 (10) |
Anther with 2 basal spurs. |
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(12) |
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Anther without basal spurs. |
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(14) |
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| 12 (11) |
Inflorescences conical; bracts connate laterally for ca. 1/2 their length, forming basal pouches, each subtending a cincinnus of 2--7 flowers |
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11 Curcuma |
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Inflorescences spikelike; bracts not connate, each subtending 1 flower. |
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(13) |
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| 13 (12) |
Ovary and capsule oblong, cylindric, or clavate; capsule late dehiscent; flowers purple or white, rarely yellow |
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12 Roscoea |
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Ovary and capsule globose; capsule soon dehiscent; flowers yellow or orange |
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13 Cautleya |
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| 14 (11) |
Leaves all basal or on very short pseudostems; inflorescences terminal on pseudostems or on separate shoots arising from rhizomes. |
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(15) |
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Leaves on conspicuous pseudostems; inflorescences terminal on pseudostems. |
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(17) |
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| 15 (14) |
Labellum strongly concave |
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14 Boesenbergia |
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Labellum not concave. |
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(16) |
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| 16 (15) |
Inflorescence surrounded by a campanulate involucre |
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15 Stahlianthus |
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Inflorescence without a campanulate involucre, bracts spirally arranged |
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16 Kaempferia |
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| 17 (14) |
Bracts 1--3 per inflorescence, margin basally adnate to main axis, apex with leaflike extension |
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17 Pyrgophyllum |
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Bracts 1--10 per inflorescence, rather small or free. |
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(18) |
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| 18 (17) |
Filament very long (rarely very short); anther dorsifixed, apex without appendage |
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18 Hedychium |
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Filament short; anther basifixed, apex or connective with appendage. |
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(19) |
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| 19 (18) |
Pedicel articulate; capsule cylindric, torulose, 12--13 cm |
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19 Siliquamomum |
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Pedicel not articulate; capsule ovoid-oblong, not torulose, ca. 1 cm |
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20 Caulokaempferia |
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List of lower taxa
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