1 |
Cypselae beaked (outer sometimes beakless in Hypochaeris) |
|
(2) |
+ |
Cypselae beakless |
|
(26) |
|
|
|
|
2 (1) |
Stems scapiform |
|
(3) |
+ |
Stems leafy |
|
(10) |
|
|
|
|
3 (2) |
Heads usually in spiciform, paniculiform, cymiform, or corymbiform arrays (sometimes borne singly) |
|
(4) |
+ |
Heads borne singly |
|
(5) |
|
|
|
|
4 (3) |
Leaf margins spiny; calyculi 0; phyllaries in 3–5+ series, unequal; pappi of crisped (frizzy), outer and straight, coarse, inner bristles |
|
47 Launaea (in part), p. 272 |
+ |
Leaf margins not spiny; calyculi of 5–12 bractlets; phyllaries in 1(–2) series, equal; pappi of uniform bristles |
|
36 Crepis (in part), p. 222 |
|
|
|
|
5 (3) |
Pappi of outer scales and inner bristles, or of aristate scales |
|
(6) |
+ |
Pappi of bristles |
|
(7) |
|
|
|
|
6 (5) |
Cypsela beaks relatively long or 0; pappi of outer scales and inner, plumose bristles; annuals or perennials; leaves oblanceolate to oblong |
|
52 Leontodon (in part), p. 294 |
+ |
Cypsela beaks relatively short; pappi of lanceolate, apically notched, aristate scales, aristae smooth; annuals; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, grasslike |
|
65 Uropappus (in part), p. 322 |
|
|
|
|
7 (5) |
Receptacles paleate; corollas pink, purple, lavender, or nearly white; perennials |
|
81 Pinaropappus, p. 374 |
+ |
Receptacles usually epaleate (if paleate, corollas yellow; some Agoseris); corollas usually yellow to orange, rarely ochroleucous, pink, pinkish, purplish, or white; annuals, biennials, or perennials |
|
(8) |
|
|
|
|
8 (7) |
Calyculi of (6–)8–18(–20) bractlets in 1–3 series; phyllaries equal; perennials |
|
37 Taraxacum, p. 239 |
+ |
Calyculi 0; phyllaries equal or unequal; annuals, biennials, or perennials |
|
(9) |
|
|
|
|
9 (8) |
Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed (not spiny); heads borne singly; corollas yellow, orange, pinkish, purplish, or white; pappi of ± barbellate bristles; annuals or perennials |
|
66 Agoseris (in part), p. 323 |
+ |
Leaves often pinnately lobed, ultimate margins dentate (spiny); heads borne singly or in spiciform or paniculiform arrays; corollas yellow to ochroleucous; pappi of crisped (frizzy), outer and straight, coarse, inner bristles; annuals or biennials |
|
47 Launaea (in part), p. 272 |
|
|
|
|
10 (2) |
Pappi of plumose bristles or subulate scales; annuals or biennials |
|
(11) |
+ |
Pappi of smooth or barbellate bristles, or of subulate scales or awns, or of aristate scales; annuals, biennials, or perennials |
|
(13) |
|
|
|
|
11 (10) |
Corollas white, sometimes abaxially rose- or purple-veined; calyculi of spreading to reflexed, unequal bractlets; annuals |
|
70 Rafinesquia, p. 348 |
+ |
Corollas yellow, orange, purple, or pinkish to purplish; calyculi 0; annuals or biennials |
|
(12) |
|
|
|
|
12 (11) |
Leaves linear to lance-linear or lance-attenuate, entire; peduncles inflated distally; involucres campanulate; pappi of subulate scales; biennials (winter annuals); heads borne singly; corollas yellow or purple |
|
59 Tragopogon, p. 303 |
+ |
Leaves mostly obovate to oblong-obovate, the distal ovate to linear, usually pinnately lobed, sometimes dentate or entire; peduncles little, if at all, inflated distally; involucres urceolate; pappi of bristles; annuals; heads borne singly or in corymbiform arrays; corollas yellow, sometimes abaxially striped with red. |
|
53 Urospermum, p. 296 |
|
|
|
|
13 (10) |
Perennials |
|
(14) |
+ |
Annuals or biennials |
|
(18) |
|
|
|
|
14 (13) |
Involucres narrowly cylindric, 1–2+ mm diam.; phyllaries (4–)5; florets 5; cypselae obovoid to lanceoloid |
|
43 Mycelis (in part), p. 257 |
+ |
Involucres cylindric to campanulate, 2–5 mm diam.; phyllaries 5–21; florets 6–150+; cypselae cylindric to fusiform or lanceoloid |
|
(15) |
|
|
|
|
15 (14) |
Corollas usually bluish; cypselae lanceoloid |
|
44 Mulgedium (in part), p. 258 |
+ |
Corollas yellow to white; cypselae cylindric to fusiform |
|
(16) |
|
|
|
|
16 (15) |
Phyllaries 8–21+; pappi: outer crowns of spreading, white hairs plus 2–3+ inner series of rufous to stramineous bristles |
|
82 Pyrrhopappus, p. 376 |
+ |
Phyllaries 5–10; pappi of white bristles |
|
(17) |
|
|
|
|
17 (16) |
Calyculi of 3–4, minute bractlets; involucres cylindric; cypselae cylindric, 5+-ribbed (without rings of scales); pappi of 40–50+ bristles |
|
38 Chondrilla, p. 252 |
+ |
Calyculi of 3–10+, deltate to lanceolate bractlets; involucres campanulate to cylindric; cypselae fusiform, 10-ribbed or -winged (with rings of scales at bases of beaks); pappi of 20–30 bristles |
|
39 Ixeris, p. 254 |
|
|
|
|
18 (13) |
Peduncles inflated distally (fistulose); pappi of aristate scales |
|
65 Uropappus (in part), p. 322 |
+ |
Peduncles not inflated distally; pappi of bristles or subulate scales (not aristate) |
|
(19) |
|
|
|
|
19 (18) |
Receptacles paleate; outer cypselae beakless; all or inner pappus bristles plumose. |
|
54 Hypochaeris, p. 297 |
+ |
Receptacles epaleate; all cypselae beaked; pappus bristles usually barbellulate or smooth (sometimes plumose in Helminthotheca) |
|
(20) |
|
|
|
|
20 (19) |
Calyculi 0; leaves spiny |
|
47 Launaea (in part), p. 272 |
+ |
Calyculi of 2–16 bractlets; leaves not spiny |
|
(21) |
|
|
|
|
21 (20) |
Cypselae dimorphic, outer gibbous, inner ellipsoid to fusiform, not ribbed (rugulose); pappi of subulate to setiform scales |
|
55 Helminthotheca, p. 300 |
+ |
Cypselae monomorphic, ellipsoid, oblong, obovoid, or lanceoloid, or cylindric to fusiform, ribbed; pappi of bristles (sometimes with minute outer crowns as well) |
|
(22) |
|
|
|
|
22 (21) |
Cypselae ellipsoid to oblong or obovoid to lanceoloid; pappi of minute outer crowns plus inner bristles (sometimes 2–3+ series of bristles in Lactuca) |
|
(23) |
+ |
Cypselae fusiform, not or little compressed; pappi of bristles |
|
(24) |
|
|
|
|
23 (22) |
Involucres narrowly cylindric, 1–2+ mm diam.; calyculi of 2–4 bractlets in 1 series |
|
43 Mycelis (in part), p. 257 |
+ |
Involucres campanulate to cylindric, 2–5 mm diam.; calyculi of 3– 10+ bractlets in 2–3 series |
|
45 Lactuca, p. 259 |
|
|
|
|
24 (22) |
Stems dotted with tack-glands; pappus bristles basally connate (fall- ing in rings), white |
|
61 Calycoseris, p. 307 |
+ |
Stems eglandular or glandular (without tack-glands); pappus bristles distinct or inner basally connate, white to tawny |
|
(25) |
|
|
|
|
25 (24) |
Heads usually in cymiform, corymbiform, or paniculiform arrays, sometimes borne singly; corollas usually yellow or orange, sometimes white, pink, or reddish; cypselae 10–20- ribbed |
|
36 Crepis (in part), p. 222 |
+ |
Heads borne singly; corollas white to pale yellow; cypselae 4– 5-angled or -ribbed (angles roughened) |
|
75 Glyptopleura, p. 361 |
|
|
|
|
26 (1) |
Stems scapiform |
|
(27) |
+ |
Stems leafy |
|
(42) |
|
|
|
|
27 (26) |
Pappi 0 or coroniform |
|
(28) |
+ |
Pappi of bristles and/or scales, or of aristate scales |
|
(31) |
|
|
|
|
28 (27) |
Perennials; leaves (± fleshy) linear to oblanceolate, margins entire; calyculi 0. |
|
80 Phalacroseris, p. 374 |
+ |
Annuals or biennials; leaves obovate or oblanceolate to spatulate, margins ± dentate or lobed; calyculi of 1–10+ bractlets or 0 |
|
(29) |
|
|
|
|
29 (28) |
Leaf margins pinnately lobed; cypselae oblong, 10–13-ribbed |
|
40 Lapsanastrum, p. 254 |
+ |
Leaf margins ± dentate to toothed; cypselae obovoid or subcylindric to weakly clavate, 4–5- or 8–10-ribbed |
|
(30) |
|
|
|
|
30 (29) |
Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate; heads borne singly or 2–3; peduncles naked, inflated distally; involucres broadly campanulate to urceolate; phyllaries basally connate; cypselae obovoid, 8–10-ribbed |
|
49 Arnoseris, p. 276 |
+ |
Leaves obovate; heads in corymbiform arrays; peduncles sometimes bracteate, not inflated distally; involucres cylindro-campanulate; phyllaries distinct; cypselae subcylindric or weakly clavate, 4–5-ribbed (ribs corky) |
|
62 Atrichoseris, p. 309 |
|
|
|
|
31 (27) |
Heads usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or cymiform arrays; calyculi of 3–12 bractlets |
|
(32) |
+ |
Heads usually borne singly (sometimes in spiciform or paniculiform arrays in Launaea); calyculi 0 |
|
(33) |
|
|
|
|
32 (31) |
Leaves entire or dentate to pinnatifid (often lyrate or runcinate); cypselae 10– 20-ribbed; pappi of usually distinct, white to tawny bristles |
|
36 Crepis (in part), p. 222 |
+ |
Leaves pinnately lobed (lyrate); cypselae 11–13-ribbed (ribs spiculate); pappi of basally connate, white bristles |
|
41 Youngia, p. 255 |
|
|
|
|
33 (31) |
Pappi of subulate or aristate scales |
|
(34) |
+ |
Pappi wholly or partly of bristles (in Leontodon, pappi of outer cypselae of scales, of inner cypselae of bristles; sometimes scales + bristles in Krigia) |
|
(36) |
|
|
|
|
34 (33) |
Heads erect; cypselae narrowed distally; pappi of lustrous, white subulate or aristate scales (bodies narrowly lanceolate to subulate) |
|
67 Nothocalaïs (in part), p. 335 |
+ |
Heads nodding (at least in bud); cypsela apices truncate; pappus scales silvery to yellowish, brownish, or blackish (rarely white), plumose, barbellate, or barbellulate |
|
(35) |
|
|
|
|
35 (34) |
Involucres fusiform to ovoid or globose; pappi of deltate, lanceolate, linear, oblong, orbiculate, or ovate aristate scales, aristae plumose, barbellate, or barbellulate |
|
68 Microseris (in part), p. 338 |
+ |
Involucres campanulate; pappi of narrowly lanceolate aristate scales, aristae barbellulate |
|
69 Stebbinsoseris (in part), p. 346 |
|
|
|
|
36 (33) |
Pappi of outer cypselae of scales, of inner cypselae of plumose bristles |
|
52 Leontodon (in part), p. 294 |
+ |
Pappi of bristles or of outer scales plus inner bristles |
|
(37) |
|
|
|
|
37 (36) |
Phyllary margins papery (wider than midribs); receptacles paleate; pappus bristles plumose |
|
63 Anisocoma, p. 309 |
+ |
Phyllary margins not papery; receptacles usually epaleate (sometimes paleate in Agoseris); pappus bristles mostly smooth, barbellulate, or ± barbellate |
|
(38) |
|
|
|
|
38 (37) |
Leaves spiny; corollas yellow to ochroleucous; pappi of crisped (frizzy), outer and coarse, straight, inner bristles |
|
47 Launaea (in part), p. 272 |
+ |
Leaves not spiny; corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes pink, purple, or red; pappi of ± barbellate bristles |
|
(39) |
|
|
|
|
39 (38) |
Phyllaries in 1–2 series; cypselae 10–20-nerved or -ribbed; pappi of 5 outer scales plus 5–45 inner bristles |
|
76 Krigia (in part), p. 362 |
+ |
Phyllaries in 2–5(–7) series; cypselae 8–10(–15)-ribbed; pappi of bristles in 1–6 series |
|
(40) |
|
|
|
|
40 (39) |
Phyllaries hairy or glabrous; cypselae usually beaked (6– 31 mm) |
|
66 Agoseris (in part), p. 323 |
+ |
Phyllaries usually glabrous; cypselae not beaked (5–10 mm) |
|
(41) |
|
|
|
|
41 (40) |
Plants taprooted; pappi of 30–80, whitish bristles |
|
67 Nothocalaïs (in part), p. 335 |
+ |
Plants rhizomatous (usually in bogs); pappi of 24–48, brownish bristles |
|
68 Microseris (in part), p. 338 |
|
|
|
|
42 (26) |
Pappi 0, or of scales or aristate scales, or of awns plus bristles, or coroniform |
|
(43) |
+ |
Pappi wholly or mostly of bristles (sometimes with minute outer scales) |
|
(54) |
|
|
|
|
43 (42) |
Pappi 0 |
|
(44) |
+ |
Pappi of scales or aristate scales, or of awns or subulate scales plus bristles, or coroniform |
|
(47) |
|
|
|
|
44 (43) |
Stems winged, wings spiny; receptacles paleate |
|
34 Scolymus (in part), p. 220 |
+ |
Stems not winged; receptacles epaleate |
|
(45) |
|
|
|
|
45 (44) |
Heads borne singly; florets 5–35; cypselae ± monomorphic (1.3–1.7 mm). |
|
76 Krigia (in part), p. 362 |
+ |
Heads in corymbiform or thyrsiform arrays; florets 5–15; cypselae heteromorphic (3–25 mm, outer longer than inner) |
|
(46) |
|
|
|
|
46 (45) |
Leaves ovate to suborbiculate, coarsely dentate; heads in corymbiform to thyrsiform arrays; cypselae subcylindric (curved), terete to slightly compressed, ± 20-ribbed |
|
42 Lapsana, p. 257 |
+ |
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, entire or dentate to pinnately lobed; heads in ± corymbiform arrays; cypselae ± terete (outer straight or arcuate, inner straight to coiled), not ribbed |
|
56 Rhagadiolus, p. 300 |
|
|
|
|
47 (43) |
Corollas usually blue, sometimes pink or white; cypselae prismatic, 3–5-angled; pappi coroniform (erose scales) |
|
35 Cichorium, p. 221 |
+ |
Corollas orange or yellow to white or pink to lavender; cypselae columnar or cylindric to fusiform or obconic, 6–15-ribbed; pappi usually of scales (scales sometimes aristate), sometimes of awns or subulate scales plus bristles, or coroniform (Krigia wrightii, annuals, cypselae 1.3–1.6 mm) |
|
(48) |
|
|
|
|
48 (47) |
Phyllaries enfolding outer cypselae |
|
(49) |
+ |
Phyllaries not enfolding outer cypselae |
|
(50) |
|
|
|
|
49 (48) |
Peduncles inflated distally; calyculi of 3–10+, deltate to lanceolate bractlets; phyllaries 5–13+ in 1 series; florets 8–30+; cypselae cylindric to fusiform, 12–15-ribbed; pappi of outer cypselae coroniform (short scales), of inner cypselae of lance-aristate to subulate-aristate scales (0–5+ outer and 5+ inner) |
|
57 Hedypnois, p. 302 |
+ |
Peduncles not inflated distally; calyculi of 8–13, linear to filiform bractlets; phyllaries 20–25+ in 2+ series; florets 30–100+; cypselae columnar, 6–8(–10)-ribbed; pappi of setiform scales plus smooth or barbellate bristles |
|
50 Tolpis, p. 277 |
|
|
|
|
50 (48) |
Heads ± nodding (at least in bud); pappi of aristate scales |
|
(51) |
+ |
Heads erect; pappi of setiform, subulate, or aristate scales or of awns or subulate scales plus bristles |
|
(52) |
|
|
|
|
51 (50) |
Perennials; involucres campanulate, fusiform, ovoid, or globose; pappus scales deltate, lanceolate, linear, oblong, orbiculate, or ovate, aristae plumose, barbellate, or barbellulate |
|
68 Microseris (in part), p. 338 |
+ |
Annuals; involucres campanulate; pappus scales narrowly lanceolate, aristae barbellulate |
|
69 Stebbinsoseris (in part), p. 346 |
|
|
|
|
52 (50) |
Perennials; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire; corollas pale lavender to white; cypselae 5-angled or -ridged; pappi of awns or subulate scales plus bristles |
|
77 Chaetadelpha, p. 368 |
+ |
Annuals, biennials, or perennials; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong to lanceolate or linear, entire or pinnately lobed; corollas white, yellow, or purplish; cypselae sometimes 10-nerved; pappi of setiform, subulate, or aristate scales |
|
(53) |
|
|
|
|
53 (52) |
Leaves oblong or lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear, spiny; involucres campanulate to urceolate; receptacles paleate; corollas yellow; cypselae obovoid, ribs 0; pappi (0 or) of 2–4 setiform to aristate scales plus 0–4 muticous to lanceolate scales. |
|
34 Scolymus (in part), p. 220 |
+ |
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, not spiny; involucres ovoid to cylindric; receptacles epaleate; corollas whitish to yellow or purplish; cypselae columnar to obclavate or fusiform, not compressed, usually 10-nerved; pappi of 28–50+ plumose to barbellate, subulate to setiform scales |
|
60 Scorzonera, p. 306 |
|
|
|
|
54 (42) |
Shrubs; California |
|
71 Munzothamnus, p. 349 |
+ |
Annuals, biennials, or perennials |
|
(55) |
|
|
|
|
55 (54) |
Corollas yellow, orange, ochroleucous, pinkish to reddish, or white (sometimes abaxially pinkish, reddish, or purplish) |
|
(56) |
+ |
Corollas usually purple, lavender, pink, or blue, sometimes white, rarely yellow |
|
(62) |
|
|
|
|
56 (55) |
Leaves spiny (on margins, bases often auriculate); phyllaries in 3–5+ series |
|
(57) |
+ |
Leaves not spiny (bases not auriculate); phyllaries in 1–2+, or 2–3, or 4–6 series |
|
(58) |
|
|
|
|
57 (56) |
Involucres 3–5 mm diam.; phyllaries 18–25; cypselae weakly compressed, cylindric to prismatic or fusiform, 4–5-ribbed (or grooved), ribs muricate; pappi of crisped (frizzy, often basally coherent or connate), outer plus straight, coarse, inner bristles |
|
47 Launaea (in part), p. 272 |
+ |
Involucres 5–15+ mm diam.; phyllaries 27–50; cypselae compressed, oblong or oblanceoloid to elliptic, 2–4(–5)-ribbed, smooth, rugose, or tuberculate; pappi of distinct outer bristles plus basally coherent or connate inner bristles |
|
48 Sonchus, p. 273 |
|
|
|
|
58 (56) |
Calyculi 0 |
|
(59) |
+ |
Calyculi usually of 3–16+ bractlets (sometimes intergrading with phyllaries) |
|
(60) |
|
|
|
|
59 (58) |
Heads borne singly; corollas yellow to orange; pappi (usually 2-seriate): outer of 5+ scales, inner of 5–45 bristles |
|
76 Krigia (in part), p. 362 |
+ |
Heads in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays; corollas yellow to white; pappi (1 or 2-seriate): outer pappi 0, or of minute teeth plus 0–6 bristles, inner (or only) pappi of 15–35, basally coherent bristles |
|
64 Malacothrix, p. 310 |
|
|
|
|
60 (58) |
Perennials; phyllaries in 2+ series; cypselae columnar or prismatic to ± urceolate |
|
51 Hieracium, p. 278 |
+ |
Annuals, biennials, or perennials; phyllaries in 1–2 series; cypselae subcylindric to fusiform |
|
(61) |
|
|
|
|
61 (60) |
Corollas yellow or orange (white, pink, reddish), not abaxially reddish; cypselae 10–20-ribbed, sometimes spiculate; pappi persistent, of distinct bristles |
|
36 Crepis (in part), p. 222 |
+ |
Corollas yellow, often abaxially reddish; cypselae 5–10-ribbed, transversely rugulose; pappi falling, of basally connate bristles |
|
58 Picris, p. 302 |
|
|
|
|
62 (55) |
Annuals |
|
(63) |
+ |
Perennials |
|
(65) |
|
|
|
|
63 (62) |
Pappus bristles distinct, plumose (at least distally) |
|
72 Stephanomeria (in part), p. 350 |
+ |
Pappus bristles basally connate, smooth or barbellulate |
|
(64) |
|
|
|
|
64 (63) |
Stems glandular-puberulent to glabrescent; leaves basal and cauline, blades spatulate to oblanceolate or minute, margins irregularly dentate to runcinate, often spinulose; peduncles minutely bracteate; cypselae columnar (tapering slightly proximally), 5-ribbed |
|
73 Prenanthella, p. 359 |
+ |
Stems glabrous; leaves cauline (opposite proximally), blades linear, margins entire; peduncles ebracteate; cypselae subcylindric (apices abruptly constricted), 10-ribbed |
|
78 Shinnersoseris, p. 368 |
|
|
|
|
65 (62) |
Heads (usually nodding) in racemiform, thyrsiform, corymbiform, or paniculiform arrays; corollas usually white to pink or lavender, rarely yellow |
|
46 Prenanthes, p. 264 |
+ |
Heads (erect) usually borne singly (sometimes in ± corymbiform to paniculiform arrays); corollas usually bluish, pink to lavender, or rose, rarely white |
|
(66) |
|
|
|
|
66 (65) |
Leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate to lanceolate or linear; phyllaries 8–13+ in 1–2 series; florets (1–)15–50+; cypselae compressed, lanceoloid |
|
44 Mulgedium (in part), p. 258 |
+ |
Leaves linear to oblong (distal sometimes bractlike or subulate distally); phyllaries 3–10 in ± 1 series; florets 3–16; cypselae not compressed, columnar |
|
(67) |
|
|
|
|
67 (66) |
Stems rigid, spine-tipped (thorny); leaves cauline, entire; phyllaries 3–5; florets 3–5 |
|
74 Pleiacanthus, p. 361 |
+ |
Stems not spine-tipped; leaves basal and cauline, entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed; phyllaries 4–10; florets (4–)5–16 |
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(68) |
|
|
|
|
68 (67) |
Cypselae subcylindric, subterete, angled, or sulcate; pappus bristles barbellate |
|
79 Lygodesmia, p. 369 |
+ |
Cypselae columnar, 5-angled; pappus bristles (wholly or partly) plumose |
|
72 Stephanomeria (in part), p. 350 |
|