1	Flowers solitary, axillary; plant dwarf, usually a prostrate shrub; leaf blade small, to 1.1(–1.2) cm.		(2)
+	Inflorescence racemose or corymbose; plant usually a taller shrub; leaf blade at least 1.5 cm.		(10)
2 (1)	Leaf blade abaxially densely or sparsely setulose.		(3)
+	Leaf blade abaxially glabrous, rarely scattered hispidulous.		(5)
3 (2)	Flower 4-merous; leaf blade 3–7 × 2–5 mm.		24 Gaultheria suborbicularis
+	Flower 5-merous; leaf blade 0.5–2 cm × 3–10(–16) mm.		(4)
4 (3)	Leaf blade broadly ovate or suborbicular, sometimes ovate or elliptic, 5–10(–18) × 3–16 mm; corolla white, pink, or crimson, ca. 5 mm, lobes ca. 1 mm.		25 Gaultheria nummularioides
+	Leaf blade obovate-elliptic or obovate-oblong, 1–2 × 0.5–1 cm; corolla white, 6–9 mm, lobes 3–6 mm.		31 Gaultheria jingdongensis
5 (2)	Leaves unequal in size; larger leaf blades usually obovate or oblong, less than 2 × as long as wide, 8–14 × 6–8 mm, apex obtuse to rounded.		29 Gaultheria hypochlora
+	Leaves equal, or slightly unequal in size; leaf blade usually elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or linear, more than 2 × as long as wide, 5–16 × 1–7 mm, apex acute, obtuse, or acuminate.		(6)
6 (5)	Twigs and often leaves glabrous; leaf blade obtuse or acuminate at apex.		32 Gaultheria taiwaniana
+	Twigs and leaves ± hairy; leaf blade obtuse to acute at apex.		(7)
7 (6)	Pedicel 5–9(–19) mm; leaf blade glabrous.		26 Gaultheria dolichopoda
+	Pedicel 1–2 mm; leaf blade usually variously pubescent or hispidulous, and/or ciliate at margins.		(8)
8 (7)	Leaf blade long ciliate along margin.		27 Gaultheria trichophylla
+	Leaf blade not long ciliate along margin.		(9)
9 (8)	Fruit usually white; leaf blade linear or oblong-linear, 5–16 × 1–4 mm; calyx lobes ovate, base slightly cordate.		28 Gaultheria cardiosepala
+	Fruit usually dark blue; leaf blade elliptic or oblong, 6–16 × 2–6 mm; calyx lobes broadly ovate or ovate-triangular, base rounded.		30 Gaultheria sinensis
10 (1)	Leaf blade less than 3.5 cm; plant usually to 40(–60) cm tall.		(11)
+	Leaf blade more than 4 cm; plant usually more than 40 cm tall.		(17)
11 (10)	Inflorescence racemose, rachis 1–4.5 cm.		(12)
+	Inflorescence shortly racemose, rachis 2–15 mm.		(14)
12 (11)	Leaves purple abaxially; fruit dark purple, fleshy; leaf blade less than 2 × as long as wide; rachis glabrous.		22 Gaultheria purpurea
+	Leaves pale green abaxially; fruit whitish, succulent; leaf blade usually more than 2 × as long as wide; rachis densely puberulous.		(13)
13 (12)	Inflorescence solitary on each twig, pseudoterminal; leaf blade 8–11(–15) × 3–7 mm, elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate.		6 Gaultheria borneensis
+	Inflorescences usually 2 or 3, terminal and from upper leaf axils; leaf blade 1.2–3.5 × 0.4–1.2 cm, obovate or narrowly obovate.		9 Gaultheria cuneata
14 (11)	Plant 30–40 cm tall; twigs rust-colored long setose; inflorescence 3–8-flowered, pedicels ca. 6 mm; leaf blade ovate, 2–3.5 × 1.5–2 cm.		3 Gaultheria notabilis
+	Plant 5–20 cm tall; twigs pubescent to glabrous; inflorescence 1–5-flowered, pedicel 1–6 mm; leaf blade elliptic, obovate, or suborbicular, 0.8–5 × 0.6–2.5 cm.		(15)
15 (14)	Calyx and corolla lobes 4; leaf blade hirtellous abaxially.		23 Gaultheria heteromera
+	Calyx and corolla lobes 5; leaf blade punctate or hispidulous abaxially.		(16)
16 (15)	Corolla campanulate, ca. 4 mm; inflorescence 1–3-flowered; leaf blade elliptic, 10–12 × 6–8 mm, abaxially dark punctate.		7 Gaultheria prostrata
+	Corolla urceolate, ca. 5 mm; inflorescence 2–5-flowered; leaf blade obovate, elliptic, or suborbicular, 13–50 × 8–25 mm, abaxially hispidulous.		8 Gaultheria pyrolifolia
17 (10)	Twigs glabrous.		(18)
+	Twigs densely hirsute, hispid, or setose.		(24)
18 (17)	Leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, base rounded to auriculate-cordate, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate.		(19)
+	Leaf blade elliptic, oblong, or obovate to lanceolate, base cuneate, sometimes rounded-obtuse, apex acute, sometimes acuminate.		(21)
19 (18)	Inflorescence corymbose or shortly racemose, axis 3–10 mm; secondary veins 1 pair arising near base of leaf blade.		2 Gaultheria dumicola
+	Inflorescence racemose, axis at least 3 cm; secondary veins more than 3 pairs.		(20)
20 (19)	Leaf blade auriculate-cordate at base, abaxially shortly glandular setose, secondary veins 4–7(or 8) pairs; twigs trigonous and winged; rachis and pedicels pubescent.		11 Gaultheria brevistipes
+	Leaf blade obtuse to subcordate at base, abaxially glabrous, secondary veins 3 or 4 pairs; twigs terete; rachis and pedicels glabrous.		21 Gaultheria leucocarpa
21 (18)	Twigs distinctly trigonous or with narrow wings; inflorescence 2–3 cm; bract ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 mm, with 1 distinct main vein, distinctly carinate, secondary veins 2 pairs.		19 Gaultheria trigonoclada
+	Twigs terete, sometimes obtusely angled; inflorescence 2–12 cm; bract ovate to orbicular-ovate, 1–4(–7) mm, main veins inconspicuous, secondary veins more than 3 pairs.		(22)
22 (21)	Inflorescence terminal and axillary, 10–12 cm; leaf blade obovate or elliptic-obovate, 3–6.5 × 1–2.5 cm, apex acute, adaxially puberulous on midvein.		16 Gaultheria longiracemosa
+	Inflorescence axillary, 2–9 cm; leaf blade oblong or elliptic, 5–17 × 2–6.5 cm, apex acute to caudate-acuminate, adaxially glabrous.		(23)
23 (22)	Leaf blade usually oblong, thickly leathery, apex caudate-acuminate, abaxially densely punctate; bracteoles below middle to near base of pedicel.		18 Gaultheria griffithiana
+	Leaf blade usually elliptic, leathery, apex acute to acuminate, abaxially scattered punctate; bracteoles close to calyx.		20 Gaultheria fragrantissima
24 (17)	Leaf blade (4–)8–16 × 3–9 cm, base shallowly cordate to rounded; corolla broadly campanulate, 6–13 mm.		(25)
+	Leaf blade 1.7–11 × 1–4 cm (not G. dumicola), base usually cuneate or obtuse-rounded; corolla urceolate or tubular, rarely campanulate, (2–)3–5(–6) mm.		(27)
25 (24)	Corolla red; inflorescence shortly corymbose-racemose, 2–8 mm, glabrous.		4 Gaultheria pseudonotabilis
+	Corolla white; inflorescence racemose or corymbose, 10–60(–100) mm, densely tomentulose or glabrous.		(26)
26 (25)	Corolla 1–1.3 cm; bracteoles basal; inflorescence densely tomentulose.		5 Gaultheria codonantha
+	Corolla 6–7 mm; bracteoles apical; inflorescence glabrous.		21 Gaultheria leucocarpa
27 (24)	Leaf blade (4.5–)6–17 × 2.5–9 cm; inflorescence shortly racemose or corymbose, 3–10 mm.		2 Gaultheria dumicola
+	Leaf blade 1.7–11 × 1–4 cm; inflorescence racemose, at least 10 mm.		(28)
28 (27)	Dwarf shrub, (5–)10–25 cm tall; leaf blade elliptic or broadly ovate, 1.7–6 × 1–4 cm, base obtuse to shallowly cordate; raceme 1–2.5 cm.		12 Gaultheria praticola
+	Shrub more than 30 cm tall; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, sometimes ovate, 3–11 × 1–4 cm, base attenuate to obtuse or rounded; raceme 1–5(–7) cm.		(29)
29 (28)	Bracts orbicular-ovate or oblong, 4–7 mm; bracteoles longer than bracts or not.		(30)
+	Bracts ovate or triangular-ovate, 1–3(–4) mm; bracteoles smaller than bracts.		(31)
30 (29)	Bracts 5–7 mm; bracteoles smaller than bracts, subapical or at middle of pedicel; leaf blade abaxially brown, secondary veins (3 or)4(–7) pairs; twigs densely hirsute.		10 Gaultheria hookeri
+	Bracts ca. 4 mm; bracteoles 4–5.5 mm, apical; leaf blade abaxially grayish white or pale brown, secondary veins 2 or 3 pairs; twigs densely hispid and puberulous.		15 Gaultheria longibracteolata
31 (29)	Flowers 4-merous; leaf blade ca. 2 × as long as wide.		14 Gaultheria tetramera
+	Flowers 5-merous; leaf blade 2.5–4 × as long as wide.		(32)
32 (31)	Ovary half-inferior; stamens 5.		17 Gaultheria semi-infera
+	Ovary superior; stamens 10.		(33)
33 (32)	Leaf blade abaxially stramineous or grayish white, appressed setulose; pedicel 1–2 mm.		13 Gaultheria straminea
+	Leaf blade abaxially densely long setulose and puberulous; pedicel 3–6 mm.		1 Gaultheria wardii