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156. Panicum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 55. 1753.
黍属 shu shu
Authors: Shou-liang Chen & Stephen A. Renvoize
Annuals or perennials. Culms erect, geniculately ascending or decumbent. Leaves basal or cauline; leaf blades filiform or linear to lanceolate or ovate, usually flat. Inflorescence usually a terminal open panicle, variously condensed or occasionally spicate rarely racemose. Spikelets usually symmetrical and dorsally compressed, disarticulating below the glumes; 2-flowered, the lower floret staminate or barren, the upper bisexual. Glumes herbaceous to membranous, ovate or oblong, obtuse to acute, acuminate or cuspidate; lower usually shorter than the spikelet, rarely equal, an internode between the glumes sometimes present, upper glume as long as spikelet, or slightly shorter; lower lemma similar to upper glume, with or without a palea; upper floret coriaceous, bony or cartilaginous, the margins of the lemma inrolled and clasping the palea, apex obtuse to acute or apiculate, crested or excavated. Hilum rounded to oval. x = 9, 10.
About 500 species:pantropical, extending into temperate regions of North America; 21 species (four introduced) in China.
Panicum miliaceum (Proso Millet) is grown in China as a cereal crop. Panicum coloratum (Buffalo Grass), P. maximum (Guinea Grass), and P. virgatum (Switch Grass) have been introduced to China and are widely grown for fodder.
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| 1 |
Upper floret rugose. |
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1 P. maximum |
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Upper floret papillate or smooth |
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(2) |
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| 2 (1) |
Glumes or at least the lower, acuminate to cuspidate |
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(3) |
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Glumes obtuse or acute |
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(8) |
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| 3 (2) |
Plant perennial |
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(4) |
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Plant annual |
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(6) |
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| 4 (3) |
Panicle effuse, spikelets 3.5–4 mm. |
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11 P. elegantissimum |
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Panicle moderately branched, spikelets 2–3 mm |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Lower glume 1/4–1/3 length of spikelet. |
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7 P. coloratum |
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Lower glume 2/3–3/4 length of spikelet. |
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13 P. virgatum |
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| 6 (3) |
Spikelets 1.5–2 mm. |
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12 P. humile |
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Spikelets 3–5 mm |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Panicle dense, branches drooping; spikelets 4–5 mm; cultivated. |
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14 P. miliaceum |
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Panicle open, branches spreading or ascending; spikelets 3–3.5 mm; wild. |
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15 P. curviflorum |
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| 8 (2) |
Leaf-leaf blades ovate to lanceolate |
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(9) |
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Leaf-leaf blades linear to narrowly lanceolate |
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(14) |
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| 9 (8) |
Culms herbaceous |
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(10) |
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Culms terete, woody |
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(11) |
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| 10 (9) |
Spikelets ca. 1.3 mm. |
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16 P. trichoides |
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Spikelets 1.5–2 mm. |
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17 P. brevifolium |
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| 11 (9) |
Lower glume separated by an internode; upper lemma glabrous at the apex. |
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18 P. notatum |
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Lower glume not separated by an internode; upper lemma ciliolate at the apex |
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(12) |
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| 12 (11) |
Lower glume 1/4–1/3 length of spikelet. |
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21 P. khasianum |
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Lower glume 1/2–3/4 length of spikelet |
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(13) |
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| 13 (12) |
Panicle branches not tangled. |
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19 P. sarmentosum |
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Panicle branches tangled. |
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20 P. incomtum |
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| 14 (8) |
Panicle spikelike or if primary branches well developed then ascending or appressed and the secondary branches very short. |
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10 P. auritum |
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Panicle open, primary branches spreading |
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(15) |
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| 15 (14) |
Plant annual |
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(16) |
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Plant perennial |
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(19) |
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| 16 (15) |
Lower glume cufflike, 1/6–1/3 length of spikelet, obtuse to bluntly acute |
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(17) |
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Lower glume ovate or oblong, acute to acuminate, 1/3–1/2 length of spikelet |
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(18) |
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| 17 (16) |
All panicle branches spreading. |
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9 P. sumatrense |
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Secondary or tertiary panicle branches appressed, lower lemma 7–9-veined |
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3 P. dichotomiflorum |
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| 18 (16) |
Lower glume not separated by an internode; spikelets in pairs and clustered toward the ends of the branches. |
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5 P. bisulcatum |
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Lower glume separated by an internode; spikelets not in pairs, evenly spread throughout the panicle |
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8 P. luzonense |
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| 19 (15) |
Lower glume acute |
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(20) |
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Lower glume obtuse, cufflike |
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(21) |
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| 20 (19) |
Culms scrambling, woody below. |
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6 P. amoenum |
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Culms erect, herbaceous. |
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7 P. coloratum |
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| 21 (19) |
Secondary branches well developed, spreading; lower glume separated by an internode. |
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4 P. decompositum |
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Secondary or tertiary branches short, appressed; lower glume not separated by an internode |
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(22) |
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| 22 (21) |
Plant with wiry culms. |
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2 P. repens |
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Plant with soft, herbaceous culms. |
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3 P. dichotomiflorum |
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List of lower taxa
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