1	Plants with or rarely without aerial stem in young plants; stipules free (except in V. moupinensis)		(2)
+	Plants usually without aerial stem; stipules free or adnate to petioles at base		(17)
2 (1)	Leaves, stipules, and capsules without brown glandular dots; margins of stipules usually entire or remotely denticulate		(3)
+	Leaves, stipules, and capsules with brown glandular dots on both sides; margins of stipules usually fimbriate-laciniate or fimbriate-serrate		(7)
3 (2)	Cauline leaves cordate or reniform		(4)
+	Cauline leaves ovate to triangular, oblong-triangular, triangular-cordate, or ovate-cordate		(5)
4 (3)	Cauline leaves basally shallowly cordate; stipules brown, margin entire; flowers violet; fruit 10-14 mm.		1 V. mirabilis
+	Cauline leaves basally usually deeply cordate; stipules green, margin entire or dentate; flowers usually white or purplish; fruit 6-8 mm.		2 V. arcuata
5 (3)	Cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, base rounded or shallowly cordate.		3 V. henryi
+	Cauline leaves triangular, base shallowly hastate, cordate, or truncate		(6)
6 (5)	Cauline leaves basally hastate, shallowly cordate, or subtruncate; stipules leaflike, 1.5-4 cm.		4 V. raddeana
+	Cauline leaves basally cordate or truncate; stipules less than 1 cm.		5 V. triangulifolia
7 (2)	Cauline leaves lanceolate		(8)
+	Cauline leaves cordate, ovate-cordate, triangular-ovate, or ovate		(9)
8 (7)	Cauline leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, base truncate or rounded; lower and middle stipules subequaling or shorter than petioles, upper ones exceeding petioles.		6 V. montana
+	Cauline leaves lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, base cuneate; lower stipules membranous, elliptic-lanceolate, base amplexicaul, margin usually remotely serrulate, upper ones lanceolate, apex acute, adnate to petiole at base, margin usually pinnatifid.		7 V. websteri
9 (7)	Basal leaves absent at anthesis.		8 V. acuminata
+	Basal leaves present at anthesis		(10)
10 (9)	Cauline leaves triangular-ovate, base broadly cuneate or truncate, decurrent to petiole.		9 V. stewardiana
+	Cauline leaves orbicular-cordate, triangular-cordate, ovate-cordate, ovate, or reniform, base ± cordate		(11)
11 (10)	Cauline leaves orbicular-cordate or reniform, apex acute to rounded		(12)
+	Cauline leaves triangular-ovate, triangular-cordate, or narrowly ovate-cordate, apex acute to acuminate		(13)
12 (11)	Plant puberulous; auricles of sepals 0.5-1.5 mm; lateral petals bearded.		10 V. rupestris
+	Plant glabrous; auricles of sepals 2-3 mm; lateral petals glabrous.		11 V. sacchalinensis
13 (11)	Spur 6-8 mm.		12 V. grypoceras
+	Spur 2-3 mm		(14)
14 (13)	Lateral petals beardless; margin of leaf blade crenate.		16 V. obtusa var. tsuifengensis
+	Lateral petals bearded; margin of leaf blade serrulate		(15)
15 (14)	Rhizome short.		13 V. kosanensis
+	Rhizome stout and long		(16)
16 (15)	Rhizome very stout and very long; leaves relatively larger, usually glabrous, base truncate or slightly cordate; capsule large.		14 V. pendulicarpa
+	Rhizome densely nodded; leaves relatively smaller, pubescent, base cordate; capsule very small.		15 V. serrula
17 (1)	Capsules nearly globose, puberulous, rarely glabrous; peduncle prostrate when mature		(18)
+	Capsules oblong to ellipsoid, glabrous; peduncle erect		(22)
18 (17)	Plant without stolons		(19)
+	Plant with stolons		(20)
19 (18)	Leaf blade broadly ovate or orbicular, to 8 cm; margin of stipules remotely fimbriate-denticulate; flowers blue-purple with white throat.		20 V. collina
+	Leaf blade oblong-ovate, rarely orbicular, to 6 cm; margin of stipules shortly fimbriate; flowers blue to deep purple.		21 V. hirta
20 (18)	Stolons underground; flowers fragrant.		17 V. odorata
+	Stolons aerial		(21)
21 (20)	Leaf blade cordate, apex acuminate, margin obtusely dentate; sepals lanceolate, base auricles 2-2.5 mm; lateral petals bearded.		18 V. pilosa
+	Leaf blade broadly ovate or reniform, apex rounded, margin crenate; sepals ovate, base auricles ca. 1 mm; lateral petals usually glabrous.		19 V. hondoensis
22 (17)	Plant with underground stolons		(23)
+	Plant without underground stolon		(25)
23 (22)	Plant with bulbs.		22 V. bulbosa
+	Plant without bulbs		(24)
24 (23)	Rhizome slender; leaves small, reniform, apex rounded.		23 V. epipsiloides
+	Rhizome slightly stout; leaves large, cordate, apex acuminate.		25 V. diamantiaca
25 (22)	Plant with aerial stolons		(26)
+	Plant without aerial stolons (except in V. moupinensis)		(40)
26 (25)	Spur 5-7 mm.		29 V. formosana
+	Spur less than 2 mm		(27)
27 (26)	Leaves on stolons usually rosette; stipules mostly free; lower petal the shortest, apex acute		(28)
+	Stolons elongated, with scattered leaves; stipules nearly free; lower petal usually equaling others, apex rounded		(30)
28 (27)	Leaves basally conspicuously decurrent to petioles.		26 V. diffusa
+	Leaves nearly wingless		(29)
29 (28)	Bracteoles linear.		28 V. lucens
+	Bracteoles lanceolate, 5-7 mm, minutely ciliate.		31 V. nagasawae
30 (27)	Stipules usually entire; sepals broad ovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm.		27 V. grandisepala
+	Stipules fimbriate; sepals lanceolate, much narrower		(31)
31 (30)	Leaf blade distinctly spinose on margin		(32)
+	Leaf blade without spines on margin		(33)
32 (31)	Leaf blade margin conspicuously spinose at apices of teeth.		37 V. mucronulifera
+	Leaf blade margin shortly spinose in between teeth.		33 V. kwangtungensis
33 (31)	Leaf blade orbicular or nearly orbicular, apex rounded, margin crenate		(34)
+	Leaf blade cordate, apex acuminate or acute, margin crenate-serrate		(36)
34 (33)	Rhizome usually long, nodes elongated; lateral petals bearded.		30 V. davidii
+	Rhizome densely noded; lateral petals glabrous		(35)
35 (34)	Leaf blade adaxially scabrous, sparsely puberulous.		34 V. duclouxii
+	Leaf blade adaxially shining, glabrous.		32 V. sikkimensis
36 (33)	Rhizome short, densely noded; petioles usually longer than leaf blade.		36 V. fargesii
+	Rhizome long and thick, nodes elongated		(37)
37 (36)	Leaves, petioles, and pedicels densely hirsute; sepals puberulous; petiole usually shorter than leaf blade, leaf blade oblong or oblong-ovate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral petals beardless.		35 V. yunnanensis
+	Leaf blade glabrous or sparsely puberulous; petioles, pedicels, and sepals glabrous, or sometimes petioles ± puberulous		(38)
38 (37)	Leaf blade glabrous; sepals ovate, 2-2.5 mm wide.		40 V. nuda
+	Leaf blade ± puberulous; sepals lanceolate, 1.2-1.8 mm wide		(39)
39 (38)	Leaves not glandular; bracteoles 10-13 mm; flowers violet, purplish, or white; lateral petals bearded.		38 V. thomsonii
+	Leaves and capsules dotlike brown glandular; bracteoles 3-8 mm; flowers purple to light purple; lateral petals glabrous.		39 V. sumatrana
40 (25)	Stipules free; rhizome distinctly thick, densely noded, with numerous brown rootlets at nodes		(41)
+	Stipules ± adnate to petioles		(42)
41 (40)	Leaves all basal, puberulous; stipules small, 5-8 mm.		41 V. rossii
+	Aerial stems usually present, with leaves and fruits at apex; leaves usually glabrous; stipules large, 1-1.8 cm.		42 V. moupinensis
42 (40)	Leaf blade multi-lobed, dissected, or incised		(43)
+	Leaves simple, margin crenate or serrate		(48)
43 (42)	Leaf blade palmately 5-lobed.		43 V. dactyloides
+	Leaf blade dissected, divided, or incised		(44)
44 (43)	Sepals smaller, auricles less than 2 mm; stipules smaller		(45)
+	Sepals 10-14 mm, auricles 4-6 mm, apex dentate; stipules larger		(46)
45 (44)	Petals pinkish or pinkish white, lower petal apex acute; leaf usually deeply divided.		44 V. dissecta
+	Petals blue violet or white, lower petal apex obtuse; leaf blade margin incised or slightly divided.		47 V. forrestiana
46 (44)	Stipules ca. 1/2 adnate to petioles.		46 V. albida
+	Stipules over 1/2 adnate to petioles		(47)
47 (46)	Leaf blade usually pinnatiparted; stipules ca. 1/2 adnate to petioles, the free part ca. 8 mm; petals white, creamy-white or light purplish.		45 V. chaerophylloides
+	Leaf blade usually undivided, margin distinctly coarsely serrate; stipules mostly adnate to petioles, the free part 2-5 mm; petals light pink or bluish purple.		55 V. magnifica
48 (42)	Roots dark brown or black; leaf base usually decurrent to petiole		(49)
+	Roots yellowish to grayish white; leaf base usually not decurrent to petiole		(52)
49 (48)	Leaf blade not decurrent to petioles.		68 V. lactiflora
+	Leaf blade distinctly decurrent to petioles		(50)
50 (49)	Roots black; petioles not obvious or very short when young.		48 V. gmeliniana
+	Roots dark brown; petioles usually much longer than blades		(51)
51 (50)	Spur 5-10 mm; flowers violet, rarely white.		49 V. mandshurica
+	Spur shorter than 3 mm; flowers white.		50 V. patrinii
52 (48)	Spur more than 4 mm		(53)
+	Spur less than 3 mm		(69)
53 (52)	Rhizome short, thick, leaves in summer prominently larger than those in spring		(54)
+	Rhizome short, thin, leaves in summer nearly the same size as those in spring		(65)
54 (53)	Leaf blade lanceolate, margin shallowly crenate, base distinctly decurrent to petiole.		63 V. philippica
+	Leaf blade ovate, margin serrate or deeply crenate, base not decurrent to petiole		(55)
55 (54)	Stipules densely sericeous.		69 V. hirtipes
+	Stipules glabrous or shortly pubescent		(56)
56 (55)	Lateral petals glabrous or sparsely bearded		(57)
+	Lateral petals distinctly bearded		(59)
57 (56)	Leaf blade base usually truncate or slightly cordate; lateral petals usually glabrous		76 V. prionantha
+	Leaf blade usually distinctly cordate		(58)
58 (57)	Leaf apex usually acuminate; stipules ca. 1/2 adnate to petioles; petals white or light violet; spur 4-5 mm.		66 V. belophylla
+	Leaf apex usually obtusely acute; stipules ca. 2/3 adnate to petioles; petals light purplish or whitish violet; spur 5-9 mm.		77 V. japonica
59 (56)	Petals usually violet or red-purple		(60)
+	Petals usually white, rarely pinkish white		(62)
60 (59)	Ovary pubescent.		70 V. phalacrocarpa
+	Ovary glabrous		(61)
61 (60)	Leaves and pedicels usually glabrous.		74 V. macroceras
+	Leaves and pedicels usually pubescent.		61 V. tienschiensis
62 (59)	Rhizome usually dark brown and very thick.		64 V. mongolica
+	Rhizome yellowish white, slender		(63)
63 (62)	Bracteoles ciliate.		56 V. sphaerocarpa
+	Bracteoles glabrous		(64)
64 (63)	Sepal and stipules and fruit (ca. 6 mm) smaller; leaf abaxially glabrous.		67 V. pekinensis
+	Sepal and stipules and fruit (ca. 10 mm) larger; leaf abaxially pubescent.		65 V. hancockii
65 (53)	Leaf blade apex rounded		(66)
+	Leaf blade apex acute		(67)
66 (65)	Leaf blade orbicular to reniform, adaxially distinctly white variegated along veins, abaxially red-purple.		52 V. variegata
+	Leaf blade orbicular to ovate, adaxially green or variegated along veins, abaxially green.		53 V. tenuicornis
67 (65)	Plants without underground stolons; leaves usually glabrous, lateral petals usually glabrous.		73 V. violacea
+	Plants usually with underground stolons; leaves pubescent		(68)
68 (67)	Lateral petals glabrous; leaf blade orbicular-ovate to ovate.		71 V. selkirkii
+	Lateral petals sparsely pubescent; leaf blade triangular-ovate to narrowly ovate.		72 V. tokubuchiana var. takedana
69 (52)	Leaf blade orbicular or suborbicular; rhizome very densely noded		(70)
+	Leaf blade ovate, oblong, elliptic, triangular or cordate; rhizome relatively sparsely noded		(71)
70 (69)	Lateral petals bearded; spur narrow.		51 V. striatella
+	Lateral petals usually glabrous; spur broad.		24 V. brachyceras
71 (69)	Leaf blade ovate or cordate		(72)
+	Leaf blade elliptic, oblong or triangular		(73)
72 (71)	Lateral petals bearded.		75 V. yunnanfuensis
+	Lateral petals glabrous.		62 V. senzanensis
73 (71)	Leaf blade base truncate or cordate; stipules brownish		(74)
+	Leaf blade base rounded or cuneate; stipules whitish		(75)
74 (73)	Leaves triangular-lanceolate, base truncate, usually distinctly decurrent to petiole; spur short.		59 V. betonicifolia
+	Leaves triangular-ovate, base cordate or truncate, slightly or not decurrent to petiole; sepal auricles usually distinct, spur slender.		57 V. inconspicua
75 (73)	Lateral petals glabrous		(76)
+	Lateral petals distinctly bearded		(77)
76 (75)	Leaves glabrous, margin entire or sparsely and shallowly crenate.		54 V. kunawarensis
+	Leaves pubescent, margin crenate.		78 V. perpusilla
77 (75)	Upper petals bearded.		60 V. trichopetala
+	Upper petals glabrous.		58 V. cuspidifolia