|
Didymodon Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond. 104. 1801.
Greek didymos, twin, and odous, tooth
Richard H. Zander
Barbula sect. Acutae SteereBarbula sect. Asteriscium J. K. A. MüllerBarbula sect. Fallaces (De Notaris) SteereBarbula sect. Graciles MildeBarbula sect. Rubiginosae SteereBarbula sect. Vineales SteereBarbula subsect. Acutiformes KindbergBarbula subsect. Fallaciformes KindbergBarbula subsect. Vinealiformes KindbergDactylhymenium CardotDidymodon sect. Asteriscium (J. K. A. Müller) R. H. ZanderDidymodon sect. Fallaces (De Notaris) R. H. ZanderDidymodon sect. Graciles (Milde) K. SaitoDidymodon sect. Vineales (Steere) R. H. ZanderGeheebia SchimperHusnotiella CardotTrichostomopsis Cardot
Plants forming turfs or cushions, light to blackish, olive or reddish green above, brown to reddish brown or tan below. Stems to 2(--9) cm; hyalodermis occasionally present, sclerodermis usually present, central strand usually distinct; axillary hairs ca. 5 cells long, proximal 1--2 cells brownish. Leaves crowded, appressed-incurved, occasionally twisted or curled when dry, spreading to strongly reflexed and occasionally keeled when moist; ovate to long-lanceolate or long-triangular, adaxial surface usually broadly concave, occasionally narrowly channeled, 0.4--3(--6) mm; base weakly differentiated in shape to oblong and half-sheathing the stem, proximal margins occasionally decurrent; distal margins plane to recurved or revolute, entire or occasionally weakly dentate or crenulate, occasionally 2-stratose in patches or entirely; apex narrowly acute to rounded, occasionally fragile or caducous; costa ending several cells below apex to short-excurrent, adaxial cells quadrate to elongate, in 2--4(--8) rows; transverse section ovate, semicircular or reniform, adaxial epidermis present or seldom absent (rarely bulging as a 1-stratose pad of cells in D. nevadensis), adaxial stereid band usually weak, occasionally absent in small plants or entirely in D. australasiae, D. revolutus and D. umbrosus, guide cells 2--6 in 1(--2) layers, hydroid strand occasionally present, abaxial stereid band weak to strong, crescent-shaped or ovate in sectional shape, abaxial epidermis present but usually weak; basal laminal cells not or weakly differentiated to strongly differentiated across leaf or rising higher medially, quadrate to rectangular, seldom bulging, usually little wider than distal cells, ca. 2--4:1, walls of basal cells usually rather thin, occasionally porose or transversely slit (D. umbrosus), smooth to papillose; distal medial cells subquadrate to hexagonal or rounded-angular, occasionally shortly rectangular or rhomboid, usually 8--13 µm wide, 1:1, 1-stratose, papillae usually simple to 2-fid, usually solid, with 3--5 projections, occasionally absent or multiplex, cell walls thin to thick, lumens sometimes angular, occasionally trigonous (D. giganteus), weakly to strongly convex on both surfaces. Specialized asexual reproduction by gemmae occasional, usually spheric to elliptic, of 1--10 cells, usually borne in leaf axils, occasionally on adaxial surface of costa, or rarely as small tubers borne on rhizoids in the soil. Sexual condition dioicous (occasionally possibly rhizautoicous). Perichaetia terminal, interior leaves not or occasionally sheathing in proximal 1/2, ovate to long-lanceolate, occasionally somewhat enlarged, laminal cells rhombiodal-rectangular in proximal 1/2. Seta yellowish to reddish brown, mostly 0.3--2 cm, twisted clockwise proximally, occasionally counterclockwise distally. Capsule stegocarpous, theca elliptic to cylindric, ca. 1--3 mm, annulus of 1--3 rows of hexagonal, often vesiculose cells, often deciduous in pieces or revolute; operculum short- to long-conic or conic-rostrate, ca. 0.5--1.2 mm, cells in straight rows or twisted counterclockwise; peristome teeth 32, or 16 and grouped in pairs, occasionally absent or rudimentary, oblong to linear or long-triangular, often medially perforated or cleft, usually straight or weakly twisted counterclockwise, teeth to 700(--1300) µm, sometimes rudimentary. Calyptra cucullate. Spores ca. 7--18 µm. KOH laminal color reaction red, occasionally red-orange or yellow.
Species ca. 122 (25 in the flora): a large, cosmopolitan genus widely diversified in temperate and montane regions.
The genus Didymodon is distinguished (K. Saito 1975; R. H. Zander 1978b) from its closest relative, Barbula, by its usually lanceolate to long-lanceolate leaves, axillary hairs with 1 or more brown proximal cells, basal laminal cells usually little differentiated from the distal, abaxial costal cells usually quadrate, laminal papillae absent or simple or only occasionally multiplex, gemmae composed of only 1--10 cells, and peristome teeth seldom twisted, occasionally absent or rudimentary. Recent treatments of the genus or its sections in the range of the flora or in Mexico include those by H. Robinson (1970), W. C. Steere (1938) and R. H. Zander (1978b, 1981, 1994). The leaves of most species of Didymodon are yellow or orange in nature (before application of KOH), unlike Bryoerythrophyllum, which are red.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Bartram, E. B. 1926. Notes on the genus Husnotiella Cardot. Bryologist 29: 44--46. Robinson, H. 1970. A revision of the moss genus Trichostomopsis. Phytologia 20: 184--191. Saito, K. 1975. A monograph of Japanese Pottiaceae (Musci). J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 39: 373--537. Steere, W. C. 1938. Didymodon. In: A. J. Grout, Moss Flora of North America North of Mexico 1(3): 185--190. Newfane, Vermont. Williams, R. S. 1913. The genus Husnotiella Cardot. Bryologist 16: 25. Zander, R. H. 1978b. New combinations in Didymodon (Musci) and a key to the taxa in North America north of Mexico. Phytologia 41: 11--32. Zander, R. H. 1981 [1982]. Didymodon (Pottiaceae) in Mexico and California: taxonomy and nomenclature of discontinuous and nondiscontinuous taxa. Cryptog., Bryol. Lichénol. 2: 379--422. Zander, R. H. 1994. Didymodon. In: A. J. Sharp, H. A. Crum and P. M. Eckel (eds.), Moss Flora of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 69: 299--319. Zander, R. H. 1998. A phylogrammatic evolutionary analysis of the moss genus Didymodon in North America North of Mexico. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 36: 81--115.
OTHER REFERENCES
Allen, B. 1995. Eight neglected species of Grimmiaceae (Musci) from North America. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 40: 159--166.
Bartram, E. B. 1926. A variety of Didymodon mexicanus Besch., in Arizona. Bryologist 29: 1--2.
Cano, M. J., R. M. Ros, P. García-Zamora & J. Guerra. 1996. Didymodon sicculus sp. nov. (Bryopsida, Pottiaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula. Bryologist 99: 401--406.
Chen, P.-C. 1941. Studien über die ostasiatischen Arten der Pottiaceae, I-II. Hedwigia 80: 1--76; 141--322.
Crum, H. 1965. Barbula johansenii, an arctic disjunct in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bryologist 68: 344--345.
Crum, H. 1969. A reconsideration of the relationship of Barbula johansenii (Musci). Canad. Field-Naturalist 83: 156--157.
Eckel, P. M. 1986. Didymodon australasiae var. umbrosus new to eastern North America. Bryologist 89: 70--72.
Flowers, S. 1973. Mosses: Utah & the West. Press, Provo, Utah.
Frahm, J.-P., A. Lindlar, P. Sollman and E. Fischer. 1996. Bryophytes from the Cape Verde Islands. Trop. Bryology 12: 123--153.
Kucera, J. and H. Köckinger.2000. The identity of Grimmia andreaeoides Limpr. and Didymodon subandreaeoides (Kindberg) R. H. Zander. J. Bryol.22: 49--54.
Ochyra, R. and R. H. Zander. Didymodon tectorum and D. brachyphyllus (Musci, Pottiaceae) in North America. Bryologist 104: 372--377.
Otnyukova, T. N. 2002. A study of the Didymodon species (Pottiaceae, Musci) in Russia. I. Species with caducous leaves. Arctoa 11: 337--349.
Sollman, P. 1983. Notes on pottiaceous mosses I. Bryologist 86: 271--272.
Steere, W. C. 1952. Bryophyta of Arctic America. V. The rediscovery of Barbula Johansenii. Bryologist 55: 259--260.
Steere, W. C. 1978. The Mosses of Arctic Alaska. Bryophyt. Biblioth. 14.
Steere, W. C. and G. W. Scotter. 1978. Additional bryophytes from Nahanni National Park and vicinity, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 234--244.
Zander, R. H. 1978a [1979]. Didymodon sinuosus in Alaska and a key to species of Pottiaceae with propaguloid leaf apices. Bryologist 81: 572--575.
Zander, R. H. 1978b. Didymodon luridus Hornsch. in Spreng. replaces D. trifarius (Hedwig) Roehl. [= Saelania glaucescens (Hedwig) Brotherus ]. Bryologist 81: 421--423. nomenclature Hedwig types BIB.
Zander, R. H. 1999. A new species of Didymodon (Bryopsida) in western North America and a regional key to the taxa. Bryologist 102: 112--115.
Zander, R. H. 2001 [2002]. A new species of Didymodon (Musci) from California. Madroño 48: 298--300.
Zander, R. H. and A. M. Cleef. 1982 [1983]. Studies on Colombian Cryptogams. XVI. Taxonomy and ecology of Kingiobryum paramicola (Dicranaceae, Musci). Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 85: 627--634.
Zander, R. H. and R. Ochyra. 2001. Didymodon tectorum and D. brachyphyllus (Musci, Pottiaceae) in North America. Bryologist 104: 372--377.
Zander, R. H. and W. Weber. 1997. Didymodon anserinocapitatus (Musci, Pottiaceae) new to the New World. Bryologist 100: 237--238.
|
|
1 |
Leaf apices caducous or very fragile. |
|
(2) |
+ |
Leaf apices intact or only occasionally broken. |
|
(6) |
|
|
|
|
2 (1) |
Leaf apices apically swollen as a propagulum. |
|
(3) |
+ |
Leaf apices not swollen, usually evenly narrowing. |
|
(4) |
|
|
|
|
3 (2) |
Distal laminal cells 13--15 µm wide. |
|
Didymodon johansenii |
+ |
Distal laminal cells 8--10 µm wide. |
|
Didymodon anserinocapitatus |
|
|
|
|
4 (2) |
Leaves 2--3 mm, leaf margins broadly crenate in distal 2/3--3/4. |
|
Didymodon eckeliae |
+ |
Leaves usually less than 2 mm, leaf margins entire. |
|
(5) |
|
|
|
|
5 (4) |
Cells of leaf apex smooth, apex merely fragile. |
|
Didymodon rigidulus var. icmadophilus |
+ |
Cells of leaf apex weakly conic-mamillose; apex caducous. |
|
Didymodon murrayae |
|
|
|
|
6 (1) |
Leaves not keeled when moist, not highly recurved, margins finely crenulate by bulging cell walls. |
|
(7) |
+ |
Leaves sometimes keeled or highly recurved when moist, margins usually entire or occasionally dentate or scalloped-crenate but not minutely crenulate. |
|
(10) |
|
|
|
|
7 (6) |
Plants in nature red-brown, occasionally deep brick or rose red, costa thick, 6-10 cells wide above midleaf, laminal papillae absent or hemispherical and several per lumen, peristome absent. |
|
Didymodon norrisii |
+ |
Plants in nature red- to black-brown, costa thin, 2–3 cells wide above midleaf, laminal papillae absent or low, massive and lens-shaped, peristome present or capsules unknown. |
|
(8) |
|
|
|
|
8 (7) |
Leaves dimorphic: cochleariform, epapillose leaves present on fragile branchlets or portions of some stems. |
|
Didymodon subandreaeoides |
+ |
Leaves monomorphic. |
|
(9) |
|
|
|
|
9 (8) |
Plants often fruiting, leaf apices acute, propagula absent. |
|
Di |
+ |
Plants sterile, leaf apices obtuse, clusters of unicellular propagula almost always present in the leaf axils. |
|
Didymodon perobtusus |
|
|
|
|
10 (6) |
Costa with elongate superficial adaxial cells. |
|
(11) |
+ |
Costa with quadrate or occasionally short-rectangular superficial adaxial cells, or, if elongate, then distal laminal cells 2-stratose. |
|
(17) |
|
|
|
|
11 (10) |
Leaf base auriculate or weakly winged at insertion, apex often whip-like, very long-acuminate. |
|
Didymodon leskeoides |
+ |
Leaf base gradually or quickly narrowed to the insertion, not flaring, apex obtuse to acuminate. |
|
(12) |
|
|
|
|
12 (11) |
Leaves ligulate to ovate-lanceolate, apex often obtuse, costa often ending before the apex. |
|
Didymodon tophaceus |
+ |
Leaves short- to long-lanceolate, apex always acute, costa subpercurrent to short-excurrent. |
|
(13) |
|
|
|
|
13 (12) |
Plants with axillary gemmae, leaves mostly 0.9--1.1 mm, catenulate-incurved when dry. |
|
Didymodon maschalogena |
+ |
Plants lacking gemmae in leaf axils, leaves usually (0.6--)1.2--4 mm, appressed-incurved to weakly spreading when dry. |
|
(14) |
|
|
|
|
14 (13) |
Leaves when moist spreading to weakly recurved, usually lying flat, costa usually distinctly widened at base. |
|
(15) |
+ |
Leaves when moist strongly recurved and keeled, lying on their sides, costa little widened at base. |
|
(16) |
|
|
|
|
15 (14) |
Leaves 0.6--2(--2.5) mm, distal cell walls little thickened or irregularly thickened, trigones absent or weakly developed. |
|
Didymodon fallax |
+ |
Leaves usually 2.5--4 mm, distal cell walls irregularly thickened and trigonous, trigones as large as the lumens or nearly so. |
|
Didymodon giganteus |
|
|
|
|
16 (14) |
Stems to 2.5 cm, leaves usually 0.8--2 mm. |
|
Didymodon ferrugineus |
+ |
Stems usually more than 3 cm, leaves mostly 2--2.5 mm. |
|
Didymodon maximus |
|
|
|
|
17 (10) |
Leaves adaxially with a narrow medial channel about the width of the costa at least at leaf apex, apex often apiculate by one or more conical cells, costa usually percurrent, margins usually recurved, often to near the apex, laminal color reaction to KOH usually brick-red, occasionally orange. |
|
(18) |
+ |
Leaves adaxially very widely channeled medially or merely slightly concave across leaf, apex seldom apiculate by a conical cell, costa percurrent or excurrent as a multicellular, stout mucro, margins plane to recurved below midleaf, laminal color reaction to KOH usually negative, yellow or orange, occasionally brick-red in lower parts of plant, especially in D. rigidulus var. icmadophilus. |
|
(24) |
|
|
|
|
18 (17) |
Leaves strongly reflexed and keeled when moist, papillae when present simple, stem central strand usually absent. |
|
Didymodon asperifolius |
+ |
Leaves spreading to weakly reflexed and occasionally weakly keeled when moist, papillae when present 2-fid to multiplex, stem central strand present. |
|
(19) |
|
|
|
|
19 (18) |
Leaves deltoid to short-lanceolate or ovate, to 1.5 or rarely to 2 mm, margins recurved or revolute to near apex, propagula sometimes present. |
|
(20) |
+ |
Leaves short- to long-lanceolate or long-triangular, to 4 mm, margins recurved near base or up to proximal 2/3 of leaf, propagula rare. |
|
(22) |
|
|
|
|
20 (19) |
Costal section showing adaxial epidermal cells thin-walled, remainder of costa thick-walled; costa blunt apically, costa wider at midleaf than below, with a bulging adaxial surface forming a long-elliptic 1-stratose pad of cells, guide cells in 2(--3) layers, leaf margins loosely revolute. |
|
Didymodon nevadensis |
+ |
Costal section showing all cells about equally thickened; costa often with an apical conical cell or costa short-excurrent, costa gradually narrowing distally, adaxial surface nearly flat and not forming a wide pad of cells (but costa occasionally thickened and bulging adaxially), guide cells usually in 1 layer, leaf margins narrowly to loosely recurved. |
|
(21) |
|
|
|
|
21 (20) |
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 0.7--1 mm, base ovate or weakly differentiated, apex cucullate or weakly concave, margins weakly recurved, costa percurrent or very weakly excurrent from an obtuse or acute apex in 1--3 cells; lamina red in nature and with KOH, seldom green and KOH negative. |
|
Didymodon brachyphyllus |
+ |
Leaves deltoid to deltoid-lanceolate, 1--1.5(--2) mm, base squared, apex straight or somewhat reflexed, margins strongly recurved to revolute, costa excurrent from an obtuse apex as a several-celled blunt mucro; lamina green in nature and with KOH. |
|
Didymodon tectorum |
|
|
|
|
22 (19) |
Leaves 1-stratose, or 2-stratose in small areas or patches marginally. |
|
Didymodon vinealis |
+ |
Leaves 2-stratose marginally or medially or both. |
|
(23) |
|
|
|
|
23 (22) |
Leaves long-lanceolate, apex narrowly acute, margins evenly and broadly crenulate above leaf base, 2-stratose in 1--2 rows to near base. |
|
Didymodon eckeliae |
+ |
Leaves long-ovate to broadly lanceolate, seldom narrowly acute, apex usually blunt to broadly acute, margins smooth and 2-stratose marginally in 1-several rows or rarely across leaf in distal leaf half or occasionally only in patches. |
|
Didymodon nicholsonii |
|
|
|
|
24 (24) |
Axillary gemmae present. |
|
(24) |
+ |
Axillary gemmae absent. |
|
(27) |
|
|
|
|
25 |
Propagula all multicellular, leaf apex acute. |
|
Didymodon rigidulus var. rigidulus |
+ |
Propagula mostly unicellular, leaf apex broadly obtuse. |
|
(26) |
|
|
|
|
26 (25) |
Costa narrow, usually 2 cells wide at midleaf, not strongly spurred. |
|
Didymodon perobtusus |
+ |
Costa broad, 6--8 cells wide at midleaf and often strongly spurred by rows of lateral cells ending abruptly in the lamina. |
|
Didymodon revolutus |
|
|
|
|
27 (24) |
Distal lamina 1-stratose or occasionally 2-stratose in small patches. |
|
(28) |
+ |
Distal lamina 2-stratose totally or just along margins. |
|
(31) |
|
|
|
|
28 (27) |
Plants flagellate, leaves strongly appressed when dry, linear-lanceolate, costa long-excurrent. |
|
Didymodon rigidulus var. ditrichoides |
+ |
Plants not flagellate, leaves appressed-incurved to weakly twisted and weakly spreading when dry, short- to long-lanceolate, costa short- to long-excurrent. |
|
(29) |
|
|
|
|
29 (28) |
Leaves short-ovate. |
|
Didymodon revolutus |
+ |
Leaves lanceolate. |
|
(30) |
|
|
|
|
30 (29) |
Leaf base rectangular and gradually widened, costa percurrent to short-excurrent, unbroken, basal leaf cells short-rectangular |
|
Didymodon rigidulus var. gracilis |
+ |
Leaf base ovate and often abruptly widened, costa usually long-excurrent, often fragile, basal leaf cells quadrate. |
|
Didymodon rigidulus var. icmadophilus |
|
|
|
|
31 (27) |
Distal lamina entirely 2-stratose. |
|
Didymodon rigidulus var. subulatus |
+ |
Distal lamina 2-stratose along margins. |
|
(32) |
|
|
|
|
32 (31) |
Basal laminal cells with firm, weakly to strongly thickened walls, differentiated usually only medially. |
|
Didymodon rigidulus var. rigidulus |
+ |
Basal laminal cells thin-walled and usually somewhat inflated, often bulging-rectangular, differentiated across leaf base. |
|
(33) |
|
|
|
|
33 (32) |
Leaves long-lanceolate, usually smooth or weakly papillose, marginal basal cells narrowly rectangular in 2--4 rows, adaxial superficial cells of costa usually elongate. |
|
Didymodon umbrosus |
+ |
Leaves short-lanceolate, smooth to strongly papillose, marginal basal cells not or weakly differentiated from the medial, adaxial superficial cells of costa quadrate. |
|
Didymodon australasiae |
|
|
List of lower taxa
Related Links (opens in a new window) |
Treatments in Other Floras @ www.efloras.org
Other Databases
|
|
|
|
|
|