1 |
Plants annual |
|
(2) |
+ |
Plants perennial |
|
(9) |
|
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2 (1) |
Capitula discoid, without marginal radiate female florets |
|
(3) |
+ |
Capitula radiate, with at least a few, though sometimes inconspicuous, marginal radiate female florets |
|
(4) |
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3 (2) |
Phyllaries 18-22; calyculus bracts 7-11, long blackish tipped; synflorescences compact, peduncles. 5-2 cm. |
|
62 S. vulgaris |
+ |
Phyllaries ca. 15; calyculus bracts 4 or 5, without or sometimes with short blackish tip; synflorescences lax, peduncles 1.5-4 cm. |
|
61 S. dubitabilis |
|
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4 (2) |
Capitula solitary, axillary; achenes glabrous, pappus hairs few, unequal, ca. 1.5 mm. |
|
65 S. yungningensis |
+ |
Capitula cymose; achenes pubescent, pappus hairs numerous, 3-6 mm |
|
(5) |
|
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5 (4) |
Laminae of marginal female florets conspicuous, ca. 6 mm, much exceeding involucre |
|
(6) |
+ |
Laminae of marginal female florets very short, scarcely exceeding involucre |
|
(7) |
|
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6 (5) |
Leaves undivided, broadly linear to oblong, marginally few toothed or subentire; phyllaries 13, with 2-5 green calyculus bracts; ray florets 7 or 8. |
|
58 S. subdentatus |
+ |
Leaves pinnatifid, leaf lobes oblong or linear-oblong, marginally entire or 1- or 2-denticulate; phyllaries 15-20, with 8-10 blackish tipped calyculus bracts; ray florets 8-12. |
|
59 S. desfontainei |
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7 (5) |
Phyllaries united in lower 1/3-3/4; pappus hairs fasciculately connate, persistent; achenes sparsely puberulent. |
|
64 S. oryzetorum |
+ |
Phyllaries free; pappus hairs free, deciduous; achenes densely pubescent |
|
(8) |
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8 (7) |
Leaves pinnatifid; leaf lobes broad, oblong-lanceolate, marginally entire or remotely denticulate; ray florets ca. 12; pappus hairs ca. 3 mm. |
|
63 S. exul |
+ |
Leaves pinnatipartite; leaf lobes narrowly linear; ray florets 4-7; pappus hairs ca. 5.5 mm. |
|
60 S. krascheninnikovii |
|
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9 (1) |
Capitula discoid, without marginal radiate female florets |
|
(10) |
+ |
Capitula radiate, with at least a few, though sometimes inconspicuous, marginal radiate female florets |
|
(21) |
|
|
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10 (9) |
Phyllaries 12-22, usually 13, 18, or 21 |
|
(11) |
+ |
Phyllaries 5-10, usually 5 or 8 |
|
(14) |
|
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11 (10) |
Basal and lower stem leaves deltoid; phyllaries leathery |
|
(12) |
+ |
Basal and lower stem leaves pinnatifid or pinnatipartite |
|
(13) |
|
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12 (11) |
Upper stem leaves without winged petioles; auricles inconspicuous or absent. |
|
15 S. tricuspis |
+ |
Upper stem leaves with broadly winged petioles; auricles conspicuous, toothed. |
|
18 S. nigrocinctus |
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13 (11) |
Median stem leaves pinnatipartite; phyllaries broadly lanceolate, marginally fimbriate. |
|
31 S. saussureoides |
+ |
Median stem leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; phyllaries lanceolate, marginally entire. |
|
32 S. muliensis |
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14 (10) |
Leaves abaxially densely white tomentose. |
|
1 S. kumaonensis |
+ |
Leaves abaxially green, not densely tomentose |
|
(15) |
|
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15 (14) |
Basal and lower stem leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or runcinate |
|
(16) |
+ |
Basal and lower stem leaves deltoid |
|
(18) |
|
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16 (15) |
Achenes pubescent. |
|
40 S. diversipinnus |
+ |
Achenes glabrous |
|
(17) |
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17 (16) |
Involucres 8-10 mm, phyllaries 8; median stem leaves with up to 10 lateral lobes. |
|
8 S. pseudomairei |
+ |
Involucres ca. 6 mm, phyllaries 5; median stem leaves with 14-20 lateral lobes. |
|
11 S. acutipinnus |
|
|
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18 (15) |
Phyllaries 5, florets 5 or 6. |
|
16 S. humbertii |
+ |
Phyllaries 8-10, florets 10-26 |
|
(19) |
|
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19 (18) |
Upper stem leaves with broadly winged petioles; phyllaries leathery, apically and on upper margin dark. |
|
18 S. nigrocinctus |
+ |
Upper stem leaves with unwinged or with narrowly winged petioles; phyllaries herbaceous, apically and marginally puberulent or fimbriate-hairy |
|
(20) |
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20 (19) |
Capitula numerous, arranged in terminal corymb, ca. 7 × 3 mm; florets ca. 10. |
|
17 S. liangshanensis |
+ |
Capitula solitary or rarely paired in axils of uppermost leaves, forming a terminal racemose cyme, 8-10 × 5-8 mm; florets 15-18. |
|
14 S. lijiangensis |
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21 (9) |
Laminae of marginal female florets minute, inconspicuous, shorter than style. |
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9 S. graciliflorus |
+ |
Laminae of marginal female florets obvious, at least 4 mm, longer than style |
|
(22) |
|
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22 (21) |
Achenes, at least of disk florets, pubescent, or at least with few hairs |
|
(23) |
+ |
Achenes all glabrous |
|
(44) |
|
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23 (22) |
Plants subscapose; stem leaves small and bractlike in comparison to radical leaves |
|
(24) |
+ |
Plants with leafy stems; stem leaves well developed |
|
(27) |
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24 (23) |
Basal leaves long petiolate. |
|
44 S. analogus |
+ |
Basal leaves sessile |
|
(25) |
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25 (24) |
Involucres 3-4 × 2-4 mm. |
|
42 S. obtusatus |
+ |
Involucres 5-7 × 5-8 mm |
|
(26) |
|
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26 (25) |
Leaves elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate, margin with repand-denticulate teeth, adaxially glabrous. |
|
41 S. spathiphyllus |
+ |
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, margin pinnatifid or subpinnatipartite, thinly arachnoid-tomentose. |
|
48 S. nudicaulis |
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27 (23) |
Stems scandent or subscandent |
|
(28) |
+ |
Stems erect |
|
(31) |
|
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28 (27) |
Leaves petiolate; plants truly scandent; synflorescence branches and peduncles widely divaricate. |
|
57 S. scandens |
+ |
Leaves sessile, subamplexicaul; plants scrambling; synflorescence branches and peduncles ascending |
|
(29) |
|
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29 (28) |
Leaves pinnately lobed. |
|
55 S. fukienensis |
+ |
Leaves all or mostly subentire or dentate |
|
(30) |
|
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30 (29) |
Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, laxly pilose or glabrous. |
|
54 S. stauntonii |
+ |
Leaf blade lanceolate to linear, asperulous or hispid, especially abaxially. |
|
52 S. asperifolius |
|
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31 (27) |
Phyllaries 5 or 6; ray florets 2. |
|
35 S. biligulatus |
+ |
Phyllaries at least 8, usually 12-22; ray florets 5 or more |
|
(32) |
|
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32 (31) |
Leaves all or mostly unlobed, subentire, or dentate |
|
(33) |
+ |
Leaves bipinnately, pinnately, or lyrately lobed |
|
(37) |
|
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33 (32) |
Lower and median stem leaves long petiolate |
|
(34) |
+ |
Lower and median stem leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile |
|
(35) |
|
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34 (33) |
Phyllaries leathery; ray lamina ca. 8 mm. |
|
19 S. coriaceisquamus |
+ |
Phyllaries herbaceous; ray lamina 10-12 mm. |
|
56 S. tarokoensis |
|
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35 (33) |
Leaves auriculate, subamplexicaul. |
|
54 S. stauntonii |
+ |
Leaves not auriculate |
|
(36) |
|
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36 (35) |
Leaves papery, asperulous, margin remotely dentate or subentire and revolute; capitula arranged in elongate thyrsoid cymes; involucres 7-9 mm. |
|
52 S. asperifolius |
+ |
Leaves membranous, sparsely finely pubescent, margin closely dentate and flat; capitula arranged in spreading compound cymes; involucres 4.5-6 mm. |
|
6 S. morrisonensis |
|
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37 (32) |
Stems weak, subscandent; median stem leaves 3-5 cm, lobes entire. |
|
55 S. fukienensis |
+ |
Stems stout, erect; median stem leaves 6-30 cm, lobes dentate |
|
(38) |
|
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38 (37) |
Stem leaves basally not auriculate, not subamplexicaul |
|
(39) |
+ |
Stem leaves basally with dentate or laciniate subamplexicaul auricles |
|
(41) |
|
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39 (38) |
Ray florets 8-12; lower and median stem leaves petiolate, petioles 3-8 cm. |
|
56 S. tarokoensis |
+ |
Ray florets 5(or 6); lower and median stem leaves subsessile, or if petiolate then petioles not exceeding 2 cm |
|
(40) |
|
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40 (39) |
Involucres 4.5-6 mm; stem leaves serrate to serrate-lobulate or deeply pinnately lobed. |
|
6 S. morrisonensis |
+ |
Involucres 8-10 mm; stem leaves very deeply and narrowly bipinnately or tripinnately lobed. |
|
7 S. kuanshanensis |
|
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41 (38) |
Ray florets absent or 5; phyllaries 8 or 9. |
|
40 S. diversipinnus |
+ |
Ray florets 10-15; phyllaries 10-15, rarely 8 |
|
(42) |
|
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42 (41) |
Involucres 3-4 × 3-4 mm; pappus straw-colored or pale brownish. |
|
44 S. analogus |
+ |
Involucres 5-8 × 5-10 mm; pappus white |
|
(43) |
|
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43 (42) |
Ray lamina ca. 12 mm; involucres 7-8 × 6-10 mm; pappus persistent in all florets. |
|
49 S. ambraceus |
+ |
Ray lamina 8-10 mm; involucres 5-6 × 5-7 mm, pappus deciduous in ray florets. |
|
51 S. jacobaea |
|
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44 (22) |
Capitula pendulous, peduncles cernuous |
|
(45) |
+ |
Capitula and peduncles erect or ascending |
|
(48) |
|
|
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45 (44) |
Leaves abaxially white tomentose |
|
(46) |
+ |
Leaves abaxially green, both surfaces glabrous |
|
(47) |
|
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46 (45) |
Involucres 5-6 × 3-5 mm; ray florets 6-8. |
|
24 S. drukensis |
+ |
Involucres 7-8 × 10-15 mm; ray florets 18-21. |
|
23 S. nodiflorus |
|
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|
47 (45) |
Basal and lower leaves present at anthesis, leaf blade flat, with 5 pairs of lateral veins; phyllaries 17, fulvous pubescent; ray florets 18. |
|
22 S. atrofuscus |
+ |
Basal and lower leaves withered at anthesis, leaf blade revolute when dry, with 2 or 3 pairs of lateral veins; phyllaries 15, glabrous; ray florets 8-11. |
|
25 S. daochengensis |
|
|
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48 (44) |
Basal and lower stem leaves basally cordate or hastate, margin not pinnately lobed, present at anthesis |
|
(49) |
+ |
Basal and lower stem leaves basally broadly cuneate to attenuate, margin unlobed or pinnatisect, lyrate-pinnatifid, or runcinate, present or withered at anthesis |
|
(53) |
|
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49 (48) |
Ray lamina 15-22 × ca. 1 mm |
|
(50) |
+ |
Ray lamina shorter and comparatively broader, 4-10 mm |
|
(51) |
|
|
|
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50 (49) |
Involucres 6-7 × 2-3 mm; phyllaries 8; ray florets 3, lamina ca. 15 mm. |
|
21 S. lingianus |
+ |
Involucres 8-10 × 3-5 mm; phyllaries 10-13; ray florets 4, lamina 20-22 mm. |
|
20 S. arachnanthus |
|
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51 (49) |
Plants 10-25 cm tall; capitula 3-5; phyllaries 15-18, with dark margins. |
|
33 S. dodrans |
+ |
Plants 40-100 cm tall; capitula numerous; phyllaries 6-8 or 10-13, without dark margins |
|
(52) |
|
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52 (51) |
Lower stem leaves triangular, basally deeply cordate; ray florets 3, lamina ca. 4 mm. |
|
34 S. actinotus |
+ |
Lower stem leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, basally weakly cordate; ray florets 10-13, lamina ca. 6.5 mm. |
|
44 S. analogus |
|
|
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53 (48) |
Pappus absent in ray florets |
|
(54) |
+ |
Pappus present in ray florets |
|
(57) |
|
|
|
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54 (53) |
Disk florets without a pappus. |
|
47 S. echaetus |
+ |
Disk florets with a pappus |
|
(55) |
|
|
|
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55 (54) |
Stem leaves undivided, serrate-dentate, 5-10 cm. |
|
53 S. wightii |
+ |
Stem leaves lyrate-pinnatisect or lyrate-pinnatifid, median ones 10-22 cm |
|
(56) |
|
|
|
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56 (55) |
Involucres 5-7 × 4-10 mm; ray lamina ca. 8 mm, pappus reddish brown. |
|
46 S. raphanifolius |
+ |
Involucres 3-4 × 3-4 mm; ray lamina ca. 6.5 mm; pappus straw-colored or pale brownish. |
|
44 S. analogus |
|
|
|
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57 (53) |
Peduncles hollow and expanded below capitula; achenes 7-8 mm. |
|
2 S. pseudoarnica |
+ |
Peduncles slender; achenes 2-5 mm |
|
(58) |
|
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58 (57) |
Leaves lanceolate, closely regularly denticulate, abaxially densely white tomentose. |
|
4 S. densiserratus |
+ |
Leaves not as above |
|
(59) |
|
|
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59 (58) |
Plants subscapose; stem leaves small and bractlike in comparison to basal ones |
|
(60) |
+ |
Plants with leafy stems; stem leaves well developed |
|
(62) |
|
|
|
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60 (59) |
Median stem leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, basally expanded, glabrous. |
|
41 S. spathiphyllus |
+ |
Median stem leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, lyrate-pinnatifid, basally auriculate-amplexicaul with toothed or lobed auricles, ± tomentose |
|
(61) |
|
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61 (60) |
Capitula numerous; involucres 3-4 mm; ray florets 10-13, lamina ca. 6.5 mm. |
|
44 S. analogus |
+ |
Capitula 2-6; involucres ca. 8 mm; ray florets 16-21, lamina 10-11 mm. |
|
45 S. tibeticus |
|
|
|
|
62 (59) |
Shoots dwarf, 2-20 cm tall; capitula 1-10 in each synflorescence; median stem leaves 2.5-4 cm; upper stem leaves with small entire auricles or not auriculate |
|
(63) |
+ |
Shoots more robust, 30-150 cm tall; capitula numerous in each synflorescence, or if plant shorter and with few capitula per synflorescence then upper stem leaves with coarsely dentate auricles |
|
(67) |
|
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63 (62) |
Capitula large, solitary at apex; involucres 15-20 mm wide, basally 10-13-calyculate; phyllaries 21-23; ray florets 10-13. |
|
28 S. megalanthus |
+ |
Capitula smaller, few corymbose; involucres less than 10 mm wide, basally 4-8-calyculate; ray florets fewer than 10 |
|
(64) |
|
|
|
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64 (63) |
Phyllaries 13; involucres 4-8 × 3-6 mm |
|
(65) |
+ |
Phyllaries 18-21; involucres 8-10 × 6-8 mm |
|
(66) |
|
|
|
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65 (64) |
Involucres 4-5 × 3-4 mm; ray florets 5 or 6, lamina ca. 4 mm. |
|
30 S. kongboensis |
+ |
Involucres 6-8 × 5-6 mm; ray florets ca. 10, lamina 5-6 mm. |
|
27 S. thianschanicus |
|
|
|
|
66 (64) |
Plants 2-6 cm tall; ray lamina ca. 7.5 mm. |
|
29 S. lhasaensis |
+ |
Plants 8-20 cm tall; ray lamina 10-12 mm. |
|
26 S. albopurpureus |
|
|
|
|
67 (62) |
Stem leaves unlobed, dentate |
|
(68) |
+ |
Stem leaves at least lower ones bipinnately, pinnately, or runcinately lobed |
|
(70) |
|
|
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68 (67) |
Leaf petioles basally with small to minute auricles; pappus straw-colored. |
|
3 S. cannabifolius |
+ |
Leaf petioles without auricles; pappus white |
|
(69) |
|
|
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69 (68) |
Ray florets 8-10, lamina 11-13 mm; involucres 6-7 × 4-5 mm. |
|
5 S. nemorensis |
+ |
Ray florets 5 or 6, lamina 8-9 mm; involucres 4.5-6 × 2-4 mm. |
|
6 S. morrisonensis |
|
|
|
|
70 (67) |
Phyllaries 5-10, usually 5-8 |
|
(71) |
+ |
Phyllaries 12-22, usually 13 or 21 |
|
(77) |
|
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71 (70) |
Leaf blade of lower and median stem leaves basally cuneate, narrowly decurrent to petiole, 11-30 × 4-15 cm, with 2 or 3 ascending, oblong-lanceolate, serrulate lateral lobes on each side. |
|
3 S. cannabifolius |
+ |
Leaf blade and lateral lobes of lower and median stem leaves not as above |
|
(72) |
|
|
|
|
72 (71) |
Median stem leaves runcinate, with large terminal lobe, 1 or 2 pairs of lateral lobes, and largest lateral lobes uppermost; involucres 1.5-2 mm wide; ray florets 3 or 4. |
|
36 S. faberi |
+ |
Median stem leaves pinnatisect, with small terminal lobe, 3-12 pairs of lateral lobes, and largest lateral lobes at or below middle, or if leaves ± lyrate with large terminal lobe then involucre 3-4 mm wide and ray florets 8-13 |
|
(73) |
|
|
|
|
73 (72) |
Lateral lobes of median and upper stem leaves 8-12 on each side |
|
(74) |
+ |
Lateral lobes of median and upper stem leaves 3-6 on each side |
|
(75) |
|
|
|
|
74 (73) |
Involucres 6-9 mm; ray lamina ca. 7 mm. |
|
10 S. multilobus |
+ |
Involucres 3-4 mm; ray lamina ca. 4.5 mm. |
|
38 S. pteridophyllus |
|
|
|
|
75 (73) |
Involucres 7-8 mm; ray lamina ca. 6 mm; pappus ca. 6 mm. |
|
12 S. cinarifolius |
+ |
Involucres 3-5 mm; pappus 4-4.5 mm |
|
(76) |
|
|
|
|
76 (75) |
Involucres campanulate; pappus straw-colored or pale brownish; median stem leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; ray lamina ca. 6.5 mm; roots not tomentose. |
|
44 S. analogus |
+ |
Involucres narrowly campanulate-cylindric; pappus white; median stem leaves pinnatipartite; ray lamina ca. 4 mm; roots tomentose. |
|
13 S. royleanus |
|
|
|
|
77 (70) |
Plants with elongated, well-developed stolons. |
|
37 S. filifer |
+ |
Plants not stoloniferous |
|
(78) |
|
|
|
|
78 (77) |
Stem leaves petiolate, not auriculate. |
|
6 S. morrisonensis |
+ |
Stem leaves sessile, with basal dentate or laciniate auricles |
|
(79) |
|
|
|
|
79 (78) |
Capitula large, involucres 5-7 × 8-15 mm; ray lamina 9-12 mm |
|
(80) |
+ |
Capitula small, involucres 3-6 × 3-7 mm; ray lamina 4.5-9 mm |
|
(82) |
|
|
|
|
80 (79) |
Pappus reddish brown, scant in ray florets, 4-5 mm. |
|
46 S. raphanifolius |
+ |
Pappus white, abundant on all florets, ca. 6 mm |
|
(81) |
|
|
|
|
81 (80) |
Bracts of calyculus 10-12; ray lamina ca. 9 mm. |
|
43 S. multibracteolatus |
+ |
Bracts of calyculus 2-6; ray lamina ca. 12 mm. |
|
49 S. ambraceus |
|
|
|
|
82 (79) |
Basal and lower stem leaves lyrate, with comparatively large, broad, dentate terminal lobes. |
|
44 S. analogus |
+ |
Basal and lower stem leaves pinnatisect, with small, narrow terminal lobes |
|
(83) |
|
|
|
|
83 (82) |
Involucres 5-6 × 6-7 mm; ray florets 10-13, lamina 8-9 mm. |
|
50 S. argunensis |
+ |
Involucres 3-5 × 3-6 mm; ray florets 5-8, lamina 4-8 mm |
|
(84) |
|
|
|
|
84 (83) |
Ray lamina ca. 4.5 mm; pappus ca. 4 mm. |
|
38 S. pteridophyllus |
+ |
Ray lamina ca. 8 mm; pappus ca. 5.5 mm. |
|
39 S. chungtienensis |