1 |
Inflorescences pseudolateral, basal involucral bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of stem; bracteoles 2; leaves reduced to a sheath and closely embracing stem. |
|
(2) |
+ |
Inflorescences terminal (if sometimes seemingly pseudolateral, then erect involucral bract leaflike, somewhat flat or adaxially channeled), involucral bract leaflike or absent; bracteoles usually absent; leaves basal and cauline or all basal. |
|
(5) |
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2 (1) |
Stamens 6. |
|
(3) |
+ |
Stamens 3 (sometimes 6 in J. effusus). |
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(4) |
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|
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3 (2) |
Stems 40--80 cm × 1.2--4 mm; stamens ca. 1/2 as long as perianth |
|
1 Juncus inflexus |
+ |
Stems 5--7 cm × ca. 1 mm; stamens ca. 2/3 as long as perianth |
|
2 Juncus filiformis |
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4 (2) |
Perianth segments unequal, outer ones slightly longer than inner; capsule oblong, 3-loculed |
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3 Juncus effusus |
+ |
Perianth segments equal; capsule ovoid, 1-loculed, incompletely 3-septate |
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4 Juncus setchuensis |
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5 (1) |
Herbs annual, without a rhizome. |
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(6) |
+ |
Herbs perennial, usually with a conspicuous rhizome. |
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(11) |
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6 (5) |
Flower solitary or occasionally paired. |
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(7) |
+ |
Flowers few to many. |
|
(8) |
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7 (6) |
Plants 1.2--2.4 cm tall; leaves basal; perianth segments blackish purple, margin inconspicuously scarious; style 1.9--2.1 mm; stigmas 1.8--3 mm |
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11 Juncus nigroviolaceus |
+ |
Plants 4--9 cm tall; leaves basal and cauline; perianth segments whitish, margin hyaline; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas short |
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12 Juncus perparvus |
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8 (6) |
Capsule trigonous subglobose, ca. 2 mm |
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16 Juncus amuricus subsp. wui |
+ |
Capsule trigonous ellipsoid, subellipsoid, or ovoid, 2.9--5 mm. |
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(9) |
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9 (8) |
Flowers secund, subsessile; anthers 0.9--1.1 mm; stigmas ca. 1.5 mm |
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13 Juncus aletaiensis |
+ |
Flowers in clusters or lax inflorescences, pedicellate; anthers 0.5--0.8 mm; stigmas 0.5--0.8 mm. |
|
(10) |
|
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|
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10 (9) |
Inflorescences usually lax; inner perianth segments acute at apex, longer than capsule; seeds usually apiculate at base and apex |
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14 Juncus bufonius |
+ |
Inflorescences capitate clusters or occasionally lax; inner perianth segments obtuse to rarely acute at apex, shorter than capsule; seeds obtuse at base and apex |
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15 Juncus ranarius |
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11 (5) |
Flowers inserted singly on branches of inflorescences or inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered. |
|
(12) |
+ |
Flowers few to many in capitate clusters or indistinct heads (rarely (1 or)2--7 flowers forming cymes in J. longistamineus and J. luzuliformis). |
|
(17) |
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12 (11) |
Involucral bract seemingly a continuation of stem; capsule 4--4.5 mm |
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5 Juncus kangpuensis |
+ |
Involucral bract not seemingly a continuation of stem; capsule 2--3.6(--4) mm. |
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(13) |
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13 (12) |
Filaments 0.3--0.5 mm; anthers 1.2--1.6 mm. |
|
(14) |
+ |
Filaments 0.8--1.5 mm; anthers 0.5--1 mm. |
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(15) |
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|
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14 (13) |
Involucral bract shorter than inflorescence; perianth segments brownish yellow, apex acuminate |
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7 Juncus libanoticus |
+ |
Involucral bract longer than inflorescence; perianth segments yellowish green, apex obtuse |
|
8 Juncus heptopotamicus |
|
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|
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15 (13) |
Involucral bract longer than inflorescence; perianth segments 1.8--2.6 mm; filaments 0.7--0.9 mm |
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6 Juncus gracillimus |
+ |
Involucral bract shorter than or equaling inflorescence; perianth segments 3.1--4 mm; filaments 1.2--1.5 mm. |
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(16) |
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16 (15) |
Stamens 6; leaves basal; perianth segments scarious at margin, apex tapered to a sharp point |
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9 Juncus tenuis |
+ |
Stamens 3; leaves basal and cauline; perianth segments hyaline at margin, apex acute |
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10 Juncus taonanensis |
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17 (11) |
Leaf blade distinctly but sometimes incompletely septate (septa inconspicuous in J. dongchuanensis and J. miyiensis). |
|
(18) |
+ |
Leaf blade not septate or septa inconspicuous. |
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(37) |
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18 (17) |
Seeds appendaged. |
|
(19) |
+ |
Seeds not appendaged. |
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(23) |
|
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|
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19 (18) |
Inflorescences with (2--)6--8 heads |
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20 Juncus grisebachii |
+ |
Inflorescences with 1 or 2(or 3) heads. |
|
(20) |
|
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|
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20 (19) |
Stamens shorter than perianth; anthers longer than filaments; leaves basal. |
|
(21) |
+ |
Stamens longer than perianth; anthers shorter than filaments; leaves basal and cauline. |
|
(22) |
|
|
|
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21 (20) |
Stems borne singly; basal leaf sheaths orange to brownish yellow; leaves filiform, shorter than stem |
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60 Juncus sikkimensis |
+ |
Stems densely clumped; basal leaf sheaths brown to reddish brown; leaves stout, subequaling stem |
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61 Juncus longiflorus |
|
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|
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22 (20) |
Heads 7--25-flowered; perianth segments 5--8 mm; seeds 0.8--1 mm |
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18 Juncus allioides |
+ |
Heads 4--6-flowered; perianth segments 4.3--5 mm; seeds ca. 2.7 mm |
|
19 Juncus chrysocarpus |
|
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23 (18) |
Heads and cymes with flowers both fertile and sterile or all sterile. |
|
(24) |
+ |
Heads with all flowers fertile. |
|
(25) |
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24 (23) |
Outer perianth segments ovate, 2--2.5 mm, 1-veined, inner ones 4--4.5 mm; filaments 3--3.5 mm; style 1.2--1.5 mm; perianth segments of sterile flowers broadly ovate |
|
34 Juncus miyiensis |
+ |
Outer perianth segments lanceolate, 3.9--4.5 mm, 3-veined, inner ones 6--6.4 mm; filaments ca. 6.5 mm; style 2--2.3 mm; perianth segments of sterile flowers narrowly lanceolate |
|
35 Juncus dongchuanensis |
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25 (23) |
Leaf blade incompletely septate (completely so in J. prismatocarpus subsp. teretifolius). |
|
(26) |
+ |
Leaf blade completely septate. |
|
(28) |
|
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|
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26 (25) |
Stamens 6; stems laterally broadly winged |
|
31 Juncus alatus |
+ |
Stamens 3; stems narrowly or inconspicuously winged. |
|
(27) |
|
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|
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27 (26) |
Perianth segments equal or inner ones somewhat shorter than outer; flower heads globose to hemispheric; capsule narrowly prismatic |
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32 Juncus prismatocarpus |
+ |
Perianth segments unequal, inner ones longer than outer; flower heads globose and starlike; capsule trigonous oblong |
|
33 Juncus diastrophanthus |
|
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28 (25) |
Stamens 6. |
|
(29) |
+ |
Stamens 3. |
|
(32) |
|
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|
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29 (28) |
Stems 2--4 mm in diam.; flower heads globose |
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21 Juncus atratus |
+ |
Stems usually less than 2 mm in diam.; flower heads usually hemispheric, rarely subglobose. |
|
(30) |
|
|
|
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30 (29) |
Perianth segments unequal, inner ones slightly longer than outer; anthers ovoid |
|
24 Juncus krameri |
+ |
Perianth segments equal or inner ones slightly shorter than outer; anthers oblong or linear. |
|
(31) |
|
|
|
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31 (30) |
Perianth segments 2--2.4 mm; anthers shorter than filaments; heads 2--7-flowered; capsule 2.6--3 mm |
|
22 Juncus turczaninowii |
+ |
Perianth segments 2.5--3 mm; anthers usually subequaling filaments; heads 5--10(--15)-flowered; capsule 3--3.5 mm |
|
23 Juncus articulatus |
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|
|
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32 (28) |
Heads globose, 15--30-flowered; capsule shorter than perianth |
|
25 Juncus yanshanuensis |
+ |
Heads usually hemispheric or obconical, usually less than 10-flowered; capsule longer than perianth. |
|
(33) |
|
|
|
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33 (32) |
Capsule trigonous oblong, apex cuspidate or tapered into a short beak. |
|
(34) |
+ |
Capsule trigonous lanceolate or trigonous ellipsoid, apex acute or acuminate (or tapered into a beak in J. leptospermus). |
|
(35) |
|
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|
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34 (33) |
Plants 25--40 cm tall; inflorescences usually with more than 25 heads; leaf sheath auricles 0.6--1 mm; capsule apically tapered into a beak |
|
29 Juncus wallichianus |
+ |
Plants 6--11 cm tall; inflorescences with 3--7 heads; leaf sheath auricles 1.4--1.7 mm; capsule apically tapered into a short beak |
|
30 Juncus auritus |
|
|
|
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35 (33) |
Heads usually 2--4-flowered; perianth segments narrowly lanceolate; capsule 3--3.5 mm, apex acuminate |
|
26 Juncus papillosus |
+ |
Heads usually 4--9-flowered; perianth segments boatlike or lanceolate; capsule 3.5--4 mm, apex acute or tapered into a beak. |
|
(36) |
|
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|
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36 (35) |
Plants 35--70 cm tall; capsule trigonous lanceolate, apex tapered into a beak; seeds spindlelike, 0.5--0.7 mm |
|
27 Juncus leptospermus |
+ |
Plants 14--25 cm tall; capsule trigonous ellipsoid, apex acute; seed obovoid, 0.6--1 mm |
|
28 Juncus ohwianus |
|
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|
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37 (17) |
Seeds usually not appendaged |
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17 Juncus ochraceus |
+ |
Seeds usually appendaged. |
|
(38) |
|
|
|
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38 (37) |
Inflorescence of few to many heads. |
|
(39) |
+ |
Inflorescence usually a solitary head, rarely of (1 or)2--5-flowered cymes. |
|
(55) |
|
|
|
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39 (38) |
Stamens longer than perianth. |
|
(40) |
+ |
Stamens shorter than or nearly equaling perianth. |
|
(45) |
|
|
|
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40 (39) |
Leaf blade terete or V-shaped in cross section (flat to slightly convolute in J. lanpinguensis). |
|
(41) |
+ |
Leaf blade flat, grasslike. |
|
(43) |
|
|
|
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41 (40) |
Stems 0.5--1 mm in diam.; leaf blade V-shaped in cross section; filaments 4--5 mm |
|
63 Juncus concinnus |
+ |
Stems 1.7--2 mm in diam.; leaf blade flat to slightly convolute or terete in cross section; filaments 5--7.5 mm. |
|
(42) |
|
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|
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42 (41) |
Leaf blade flat to slightly convolute in cross section, apex obtuse; leaf sheath auricles absent; flower heads 5--11; anthers 1.2--2 mm; style ca. 2 mm |
|
64 Juncus lanpinguensis |
+ |
Leaf blade terete in cross section, apex acute to acuminate; leaf sheath auricles rounded; flower heads 2; anthers 2.2--2.5 mm; style ca. 0.6 mm |
|
65 Juncus meiguensis |
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43 (40) |
Anthers 0.7--1.2 mm; capsule blackish brown, 6--7 mm; plants to 60 cm tall |
|
68 Juncus spumosus |
+ |
Anthers 1.5--2.5 mm; capsule yellowish to orange, 3.5--5.4 mm; plants 10--30 cm tall. |
|
(44) |
|
|
|
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44 (43) |
Flower heads 1.2--2 cm in diam.; perianth segments 4.5--7 mm; anthers linear, 2--2.5 mm |
|
66 Juncus clarkei |
+ |
Flower heads 0.5--1 cm in diam.; perianth segments 2.8--4.5 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5--1.8 mm |
|
67 Juncus gracilicaulis |
|
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|
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45 (39) |
Leaves all basal. |
|
(46) |
+ |
Leaves basal and cauline. |
|
(48) |
|
|
|
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46 (45) |
Cataphylls absent; inflorescences terminal; anthers ca. 2 × as long as filaments |
|
62 Juncus milashanensis |
+ |
Cataphylls present; inflorescences seemingly pseudolateral; anthers 2--3 × as long as filaments. |
|
(47) |
|
|
|
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47 (46) |
Stems borne singly; basal leaf sheaths orange to brownish yellow; leaves filiform, shorter than stem |
|
60 Juncus sikkimensis |
+ |
Stems densely clumped; basal leaf sheaths brown to reddish brown; leaves stout, subequaling stem |
|
61 Juncus longiflorus |
|
|
|
|
48 (45) |
Leaf blade (6--)7--12 mm wide. |
|
(49) |
+ |
Leaf blade no more than 6 mm wide. |
|
(50) |
|
|
|
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49 (48) |
Heads 15--19 per cyme, each head 0.7--1.2 cm in diam.; style 1--1.5 mm |
|
71 Juncus giganteus |
+ |
Heads 4--10 per cyme, each head 1.2--1.8 cm in diam.; style 2.5--3 mm |
|
72 Juncus crassistylus |
|
|
|
|
50 (48) |
Anthers longer than filaments. |
|
(51) |
+ |
Anthers shorter than filaments. |
|
(52) |
|
|
|
|
51 (50) |
Cauline leaves 1--4; stamens shorter than perianth |
|
69 Juncus amplifolius |
+ |
Cauline leaves absent or 1; stamens sometimes subequaling perianth |
|
70 Juncus nepalicus |
|
|
|
|
52 (50) |
Perianth segments 6.3--11 mm; capsule shorter than perianth |
|
76 Juncus sphacelatus |
+ |
Perianth segments 4--5(--6) mm; capsule longer than perianth. |
|
(53) |
|
|
|
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53 (52) |
Filaments 2.5--3.5 mm |
|
75 Juncus himalensis |
+ |
Filaments ca. 2 mm. |
|
(54) |
|
|
|
|
54 (53) |
Perianth segments unequal, outer ones longer than inner; capsule 6--7 mm |
|
73 Juncus castaneus |
+ |
Perianth segments equal; capsule 7.5--8 mm |
|
74 Juncus tibeticus |
|
|
|
|
55 (38) |
Leaf blade flattened, grasslike; leaf sheath auricles absent. |
|
(56) |
+ |
Leaf blade terete or somewhat flattened or linear; leaf sheath auricles usually present. |
|
(57) |
|
|
|
|
56 (55) |
Inflorescences 5--7 mm in diam., 2-flowered; basal leaf 1 |
|
58 Juncus unifolius |
+ |
Inflorescences 7--14 mm in diam., (2 or)3--6-flowered; basal leaves more than 1 |
|
59 Juncus minimus |
|
|
|
|
57 (55) |
Leaves all basal, rarely sub-basal. |
|
(58) |
+ |
Leaves basal and cauline (rarely only basal in J. benghalensis). |
|
(65) |
|
|
|
|
58 (57) |
Plants 1.5--5 cm tall |
|
42 Juncus perpusillus |
+ |
Plants 5--35 cm tall (rarely ca. 3 cm in J. brachystigma). |
|
(59) |
|
|
|
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59 (58) |
Basal involucral bract distinctly longer than flower head (sometimes equaling head in J. brachystigma). |
|
(60) |
+ |
Basal 1 or 2 involucral bracts shorter than or subequaling or occasionally slightly longer than flower head. |
|
(62) |
|
|
|
|
60 (59) |
Stigmas very short |
|
41 Juncus brachystigma |
+ |
Stigmas 0.5--2.2 mm. |
|
(61) |
|
|
|
|
61 (60) |
Stems 0.5--0.9 mm in diam.; leaf blade flat, 1--8 cm × 0.6--1 mm; flower heads 0.6--1.5 cm in diam. |
|
39 Juncus leucomelas |
+ |
Stems 1--1.3 mm in diam.; leaf blade terete, 8--15 cm × 1.2--2 mm; flower heads 1.4--1.9 cm in diam. |
|
40 Juncus kingii |
|
|
|
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62 (59) |
Anthers 2.2--3.2 mm; style 2--3 mm. |
|
(63) |
+ |
Anthers 0.7--2 mm; style not more than 1 mm. |
|
(64) |
|
|
|
|
63 (62) |
Heads 8--13-flowered; bracts yellowish; anthers 2.2--2.6 mm |
|
38 Juncus yunnanensis |
+ |
Heads (1 or)2(or 3)-flowered; bracts yellowish white; anthers 2.8--3.2 mm |
|
45 Juncus longistamineus |
|
|
|
|
64 (62) |
Bracts closely encircling flowers; stamens nearly as long as perianth; anthers oblong, 0.7--1 mm |
|
36 Juncus triglumis |
+ |
Bracts spreading outward; stamens longer than perianth; anthers linear, 1.6--2 mm |
|
37 Juncus thomsonii |
|
|
|
|
65 (57) |
Cymes 2--7-flowered |
|
46 Juncus luzuliformis |
+ |
Heads 2--20-flowered. |
|
(66) |
|
|
|
|
66 (65) |
Basal 1(or 2) bracts equaling or much longer than flower head. |
|
(67) |
+ |
Bracts shorter than flower head or basal 1 or 2 bracts slightly longer than head. |
|
(71) |
|
|
|
|
67 (66) |
Leaf blade inconspicuously septate; style short |
|
48 Juncus membranaceus |
+ |
Leaf blade not septate; style long. |
|
(68) |
|
|
|
|
68 (67) |
Cauline leaves 2--3 cm; bracts usually 2 |
|
50 Juncus bracteatus |
+ |
Cauline leaves 3--12 cm; bracts 3 to several. |
|
(69) |
|
|
|
|
69 (68) |
Perianth segments 4--6 mm; filaments 5--6 mm; anthers 2.2--3.3 mm |
|
49 Juncus benghalensis |
+ |
Perianth segments 3.1--4 mm; filaments 2.5--4.2 mm; anthers 0.8--1.5 mm. |
|
(70) |
|
|
|
|
70 (69) |
Capsule trigonous obovoid to trigonous oblong, 4.5--5 mm; seeds ca. 2 mm |
|
43 Juncus maximowiczii |
+ |
Capsule ovoid, 3.5--3.7 mm; seeds 0.5--0.7 mm |
|
47 Juncus potaninii |
|
|
|
|
71 (66) |
Stigma 1, capitate or subglobose |
|
51 Juncus cephalostigma |
+ |
Stigmas 3, linear. |
|
(72) |
|
|
|
|
72 (71) |
Style 1.8--4 mm (rarely ca. 0.5 mm in J. przewalskii). |
|
(73) |
+ |
Style 0.8--1.7 mm. |
|
(75) |
|
|
|
|
73 (72) |
Cauline leaves usually 2, cataphylls shiny |
|
55 Juncus leucanthus |
+ |
Cauline leaf usually 1, cataphylls dull and often withered. |
|
(74) |
|
|
|
|
74 (73) |
Filaments apically thinner and discolored; seeds ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm; appendages 0.5--0.8 mm |
|
56 Juncus tanguticus |
+ |
Filaments apically neither thinner nor discolored; seeds oblong, ca. 1 mm; appendages 0.9--1 mm |
|
57 Juncus przewalskii |
|
|
|
|
75 (72) |
Perianth segments linear; capsule 5--6 mm |
|
44 Juncus triflorus |
+ |
Perianth segments lanceolate; capsule 2.2--4.5 mm. |
|
(76) |
|
|
|
|
76 (75) |
Cauline leaves usually 2; leaf sheath auricles developed |
|
52 Juncus modicus |
+ |
Cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles absent. |
|
(77) |
|
|
|
|
77 (76) |
Plants 5.5--6.5 cm tall; basal leaves 1 or 2, leaf blade 5--14 cm; cauline leaves not jointed; heads usually 3- or 4-flowered; perianth segments straw-colored or reddish brown, 3--3.7 mm |
|
53 Juncus kangdingensis |
+ |
Plants 14.5--18.5(--25) cm tall; basal leaves absent or leaf blade reduced and bristlelike; cauline leaves jointed near apex; heads usually 5--8-flowered; perianth segments whitish, 3.9--5.8 mm |
|
54 Juncus concolor |