1	Leaves opposite or whorled (or in ser. 26, 84, 86, 87 alternate apically).		(2)
+	Leaves alternate or at least alternate apically (or in ser. 1, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 45, 67, 102 rarely with pseudo-opposite or opposite leaves).		(62)
2 (1)	Leaves opposite or occasionally alternate.		(3)
+	Leaves usually in whorls of 3 or 4.		(30)
3 (2)	Corolla galea beakless.		(4)
+	Corolla galea beaked.		(13)
4 (3)	Corolla galea toothless.		(5)
+	Corolla galea toothed.		(8)
5 (4)	Leaves lanceolate to linear.		(6)
+	Leaves ± ovate.		(7)
6 (5)	Leaves entire or obscurely crenate		50 Ser. Salicifoliae
+	Leaves pinnatipartite to pinnatisect		102 Ser. Flammeae
7 (5)	Corolla 3--3.5 cm; roots glabrous		21 Ser. Salviiflorae
+	Corolla less than 2 cm; roots densely yellow-brown pubescent		26 Ser. Aloenses
8 (4)	Leaves mostly basal, stem leaves often only in 1 pair; flowers in a densely capitate spike or flowers only 2 or 3.		(9)
+	Leaves mostly on stem, basal leaves few; flowers not in a dense capitulum, more than 2 or 3.		(10)
9 (8)	Plants 2--4 cm tall; flowers few; galea without a protuberance at middle of margin on each side		87 Ser. Collatae
+	Plants usually more than 10 cm tall; galea with a protuberance at middle of margin on each side		89 Ser. Cernuae
10 (8)	Corolla galea at least as long as lower lip.		(11)
+	Corolla galea shorter, only ca. 1/2 as long as lower lip, apex with only 1 tooth on each side of margin.		(12)
11 (10)	Corolla apex with several teeth on each side of margin		76 Ser. Lyratae
+	Corolla apex obscurely 2-toothed		36 Ser. Pteridifoliae
12 (10)	Calyx relatively large, with dense reticulate veins, teeth triangular, entire		38 Ser. Pentagonae
+	Calyx relatively small, without dense reticulate veins, teeth leaflike, serrate		84 Ser. Atrovirides
13 (3)	Corolla tube ± elongated, more than 2 X as long as calyx.		(14)
+	Corolla tube not elongated, less than 2 X as long as calyx.		(19)
14 (13)	Stems usually flexuous, ascending, more than 40 cm tall.		(15)
+	Stems diffuse or if erect then more than 10 cm tall.		(16)
15 (14)	Corolla beak bending downward		28 Ser. Flexuosae
+	Corolla beak bending upward		33 Ser. Omiianae
16 (14)	Plants low; stems short or sometimes nearly absent.		(17)
+	Stems ± elongated, diffuse.		(18)
17 (16)	Stems short, erect, ± woody; leaf segments few; corolla beak slightly recurved		75 Ser. Urceolatae
+	Stems often trailing or plants ± stemless, not woody; leaves pinnatisect; corolla beak straight		31 Ser. Axillares
18 (16)	Stems herbaceous; calyx lobes shorter than calyx tube; galea not dilated apically, toothless at margin		86 Ser. Sikkimenses
+	Stems ± woody; calyx lobes longer than calyx tube; galea dilated apically, toothed on lower margin		34 Ser. Batangenses
19 (13)	Stems repent basally.		(20)
+	Stems erect, not repent if diffuse.		(21)
20 (19)	Plants annual; leaves on stem, not fernlike		77 Ser. Reptantes
+	Plants perennial; leaves basal, fernlike		30 Ser. Vagantes
21 (19)	Beak of galea slender, usually S-shaped; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate		80 Ser. Integrifoliae
+	Beak of galea short, straight or curved, not S-shaped; leaves wider.		(22)
22 (21)	Corolla with 2 colors		73 Ser. Binariae
+	Corolla with only 1 color.		(23)
23 (22)	Leaves alternate, often pseudo-opposite throughout; flowers long pedicellate.		(24)
+	Leaves opposite throughout; flowers not long pedicellate.		(27)
24 (23)	Galea not crested, beak usually straight; calyx not or slightly cleft anteriorly.		(25)
+	Galea usually crested, sometimes inconspicuously; calyx deeply cleft anteriorly.		(26)
25 (24)	Plants 5--9 cm tall; stems 2--4; Xizang		96 Ser. Mychophilae
+	Plants 30--70 cm tall; stems single; not in Xizang		45 Ser. Racemosae
26 (24)	Beak curved; calyx 2- or 3-lobed		97 Ser. Franchetianae
+	Beak straight or falcate; calyx 3--5-lobed		67 Ser. Strobilaceae
27 (23)	Stem leaves long petiolate; inflorescences long spicate; calyx large, with dense reticulate veins, lobes entire		39 Ser. Dichotomae
+	Stem leaves short petiolate; inflorescences short; calyx small, without reticulate veins, lobes serrate.		(28)
28 (27)	Galea margin 1-auricled, apex of beak erose-denticulate		88 Ser. Pseudoasplenifoliae
+	Galea margin not auricled, apex of beak not erose-denticulate.		(29)
29 (28)	Galea marginally 2-toothed; leaves small, broadly ovate		85 Ser. Remotilobae
+	Galea not marginally 2-toothed; leaves larger, narrower		79 Ser. Debiles
30 (2)	Corolla galea beakless (except for a short beak in ser. 52, 22, 61, 59).		(31)
+	Corolla galea beaked.		(45)
31 (30)	Corolla galea toothed.		(32)
+	Corolla galea toothless.		(36)
32 (31)	Bases of whorled petioles of leaves or at least bracts connate, cupular		40 Ser. Reges
+	Bases of petioles of leaves and bracts not connate or cupular.		(33)
33 (32)	Corolla tube strongly decurved in calyx, corolla ± S-shaped		55 Ser. Microchilae
+	Corolla tube not strongly decurved in calyx, corolla not S-shaped.		(34)
34 (33)	Calyx lobes 2, calyx tube deeply cleft anteriorly		52 Ser. Ikomanae
+	Calyx lobes 5, calyx tube slightly cleft anteriorly.		(35)
35 (34)	Calyx lobes triangular or lanceolate, entire		51 Ser. Rigidae
+	Calyx lobes ± leaflike, serrate		22 Ser. Melampyriflorae
36 (31)	Bases of petioles of leaves and bracts connate, cupular		40 Ser. Reges
+	Bases of petioles of leaves and bracts not connate or cupular.		(37)
37 (36)	Corolla tube decurved basally.		(38)
+	Corolla tube erect or decurved apically.		(39)
38 (37)	Corolla yellow, galea plicate; anthers apiculate at apex		53 Ser. Plicatae
+	Corolla usually purple, red, white, or rarely yellow, galea not plicate; anthers not apiculate at apex		54 Ser. Verticillatae
39 (37)	Corolla tube ± erect.		(40)
+	Corolla tube decurved.		(41)
40 (39)	Plants annual; leaf segments 5--7 pairs		61 Ser. Simae
+	Plants perennial; leaf segments 7--17 pairs		1 Ser. Gloriosae
41 (39)	Inflorescences and calyx densely tomentose		81 Ser. Pilostachyae
+	Inflorescences and calyx glabrous or sparsely pubescent.		(42)
42 (41)	Corolla tube ± decurved at middle.		(43)
+	Corolla tube slightly curved, expanded, or bent forward apically.		(44)
43 (42)	Plants annual; stems (15--)30--80 cm tall, often branched apically; corolla 7--9 mm		58 Ser. Molles
+	Plants perennial; stems 5--12 cm tall, simple; corolla 22--30 mm		57 Ser. Caucasicae
44 (42)	Leaves pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; leaves whorled		60 Ser. Abrotanifoliae
+	Leaves pinnatilobate to pinnatifid; leaves opposite or whorled		59 Ser. Denudatae
45 (30)	Corolla tube ca. 2.5--3 X as long as calyx		43 Ser. Cyathophyllae
+	Corolla tube less than 3 X as long as calyx.		(46)
46 (45)	Bases of petioles of leaves and bracts connate, cupular.		(47)
+	Bases of petioles of leaves and bracts not connate or cupular.		(48)
47 (46)	Galea navicular; beak indistinct		41 Ser. Cyathophylloides
+	Galea not navicular; beak long, distinct		42 Ser. Superbae
48 (46)	Flowers scarcely 6 mm, in a dense capitate raceme		25 Ser. Coniferae
+	Flowers more than 10 mm.		(49)
49 (48)	Beak of galea shorter than anther-containing part.		(50)
+	Beak of galea longer than anther-containing part.		(54)
50 (49)	Stems with curved branches		23 Ser. Longicaules
+	Stems unbranched, or with erect straight branches.		(51)
51 (50)	Corolla tube decurved in calyx tube		56 Ser. Cheilanthifoliae
+	Corolla tube not decurved in calyx tube.		(52)
52 (51)	Corolla tube decurved in throat of calyx tube		23 Ser. Longicaules
+	Corolla tube not decurved or decurved outside calyx lobes.		(53)
53 (52)	Anther-containing part of galea red, goosehead-shaped; stem leaves in 1 or 2 pairs		90 Ser. Tatsienenses
+	Anther-containing part of galea not red, not goosehead-shaped; stem leaves numerous		62 Ser. Myriophyllae
54 (49)	Beak of galea coiled or twisted.		(55)
+	Beak of galea straight or slightly falcate-curved.		(58)
55 (54)	Corolla tube bent at a right angle apically		83 Ser. Meteororhynchae
+	Corolla tube not bent at a right angle apically.		(56)
56 (55)	Corolla yellow or purplish, with yellowish tube apically and lower lip basally		74 Ser. Pectinatiformes
+	Corolla purplish red or yellow, or yellow with purple galea.		(57)
57 (56)	Calyx often less than 6 mm, lobes ± serrate; bracts usually narrower and serrate or pinnatilobate		63 Ser. Semitortae
+	Calyx often ca. 10 mm, lobes ± entire; bracts at least ovate and entire apically		64 Ser. Pectinatae
58 (54)	Stems branched apically.		(59)
+	Stems unbranched apically.		(60)
59 (58)	Branches in whorls of 4--6, often woody; beak of galea slightly falcate-curved; calyx lobes ovate; capsule ca. 1/2 exceeding calyx		24 Ser. Graciles
+	Branches opposite or in whorls of 4, herbaceous; beak of galea bent upward; calyx lobes triangular; capsule ca. 4/5 exceeding calyx		27 Ser. Moupinenses
60 (58)	Corolla tube decurved in calyx		56 Ser. Cheilanthifoliae
+	Corolla tube not decurved.		(61)
61 (60)	Basal leaves large, persistent, ± lanceolate or narrowly oblong, pinnatifid, with many segments; stem leaves in whorls of 3		82 Ser. Tantalorhynchae
+	Basal leaves smaller or not persistent, ± elliptic to ovate, with few segments; stem leaves sometimes opposite		78 Ser. Brevifoliae
62 (1)	Corolla slightly beaked or beakless (beak not longer than wide).		(63)
+	Corolla beaked.		(84)
63 (62)	Galea with marginal teeth near apex.		(64)
+	Galea without marginal teeth.		(73)
64 (63)	Galea with several marginal teeth on each side near apex		105 Ser. Rhynchodontae
+	Galea usually with a distinct marginal tooth on each side of apex.		(65)
65 (64)	Lower corolla lip usually erect or slightly spreading, corolla tube usually not decurved.		(66)
+	Lower corolla lip spreading, corolla tube usually decurved.		(69)
66 (65)	Plants branched		44 Ser. Pedicularis
+	Plants usually unbranched.		(67)
67 (66)	Basal leaves to 28 cm, with 5--9 pairs of segments		36 Ser. Pteridifoliae
+	Basal leaves less than 12 cm, with more segments.		(68)
68 (67)	Plants reddish or reddish brown hirtellous; basal leaves persistent		20 Ser. Hirtellae
+	Plants not hirtellous; basal leaves not persistent		16 Ser. Striatae
69 (65)	Leaves opposite or sometimes alternate apically; stems ascending		84 Ser. Atrovirides
+	Leaves alternate; stems erect.		(70)
70 (69)	Plants usually less than 15 cm tall.		(71)
+	Plants usually more than 15 cm tall.		(72)
71 (70)	Plants without persistent marcescent leaves at base; inflorescences more than 1/2 total height of plants, centrifugal		104 Ser. Pseudo-oederianae
+	Plants with persistent marcescent leaves at base; inflorescences short spicate or capitate		92 Ser. Merrillianae
72 (70)	Leaves usually 2-pinnatifid, 1-pinnatisect, 2-pinnatisect or pinnatipartite		66 Ser. Comosae
+	Leaves usually 1-pinnatisect, with linear-lanceolate, dentate segments		65 Ser. Sudeticae
73 (63)	Corolla tube decurved apically, lower lip spreading; capsule oblique.		(74)
+	Corolla tube usually erect or occasionally decurved basally, lower lip not spreading; capsule not oblique.		(77)
74 (73)	Plants usually cespitose or procumbent to ascending.		(75)
+	Plants erect; flowers in a spike, or few and basilar, long pedicellate.		(76)
75 (74)	Inflorescences terminal and basilar, usually distinctly centrifugal		103 Ser. Corydaloides
+	Flowers few, axillary		87 Ser. Collatae
76 (74)	Inflorescences short, capitate or flowers few, not distinctly centrifugal		91 Ser. Roseae
+	Inflorescences elongated, spicate, with dense flowers		102 Ser. Flammeae
77 (73)	Flowers axillary.		(78)
+	Plants with distinct erect stems; flowers usually in terminal inflorescences.		(79)
78 (77)	Plants usually stemless		29 Ser. Acaules
+	Plants with distinct stems		26 Ser. Aloenses
79 (77)	Apex of galea acute		2 Ser. Grandiflorae
+	Apex of galea usually rounded or obtuse.		(80)
80 (79)	Throat of corolla expanded, lower lip long stipitate basally		3 Ser. Tsekouenses
+	Throat of corolla not expanded, lower lip not stipitate.		(81)
81 (80)	Stem leaves usually few; plants not drying black		1 Ser. Gloriosae
+	Stem leaves usually numerous; plants drying black or not.		(82)
82 (81)	Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, pinnatipartite; plants to 1 m tall		4 Ser. Tristes
+	Leaves ovate to elliptic-oblong, dentate to pinnatilobate; plants less than 40 cm tall.		(83)
83 (82)	Plants drying black; rhizomes distinct, rootstock developed, roots glabrous; leaves alternate; corolla large, galea falcate apically		5 Ser. Galeatae
+	Plants not drying black; without rhizomes, roots densely yellowish brown pubescent; leaves mostly opposite; corolla ca. 1.3 cm, galea ± straight		26 Ser. Aloenses
84 (62)	Corolla tube at least 2 X as long as calyx (except P. bicolor of ser. Wilsoniae).		(85)
+	Corolla tube less than 2 X as long as calyx.		(95)
85 (84)	Plants usually diffuse; calyx lobes usually 5.		(86)
+	Plants erect or ± stemless; if stems diffuse, calyx lobes 2 or 3, not 5.		(88)
86 (85)	Plants ± woody; leaves with linear segments; galea usually abruptly constricted into a straight beak		34 Ser. Batangenses
+	Plants herbaceous; leaves with ovate to oblong segments; galea usually gradually constricted into a beak.		(87)
87 (86)	Beak of galea bent upward		33 Ser. Omiianae
+	Beak of galea not bent upward, usually straight or twisted		35 Ser. Muscicolae
88 (85)	Plants more than 10 cm tall, if smaller, corolla often yellow, or corolla red-purple and less than 1.5 cm.		(89)
+	Plants less than 10 cm tall; corolla ± red-purple.		(91)
89 (88)	Inflorescences short, racemose, centripetal; galea 1-toothed on each side		71 Ser. Amplitubae
+	Inflorescences usually longer, centrifugal; galea toothless at margin.		(90)
90 (89)	Lower corolla lip spreading, not enveloping galea		111 Ser. Longiflorae
+	Lower corolla lip not spreading, usually enveloping galea, only slender beak projecting		112 Ser. Megalanthae
91 (88)	Pedicel to 1--4 cm; galea circinate-incurved basally		101 Ser. Neolatitubae
+	Pedicel shorter; galea not incurved basally.		(92)
92 (91)	Corolla tube expanded apically		100 Ser. Wilsoniae
+	Corolla tube not expanded apically.		(93)
93 (92)	Corolla with lower lip less than 2 cm wide; corolla tube slender, usually less than 0.75 mm wide		99 Ser. Albiflorae
+	Corolla with lower lip more than 2 cm wide; corolla tube usually more than 1 mm wide.		(94)
94 (93)	Leaves pinnatifid; beak of galea usually downward uncinate		108 Ser. Robustae
+	Leaves ± entire or only pinnatifid; beak of galea not downward uncinate		110 Ser. Pumiliones
95 (84)	Galea usually marginally long ciliate.		(96)
+	Galea not marginally long ciliate.		(108)
96 (95)	Galea navicular.		(97)
+	Galea not navicular.		(100)
97 (96)	Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatilobate or dentate		8 Ser. Craspedotrichae
+	Leaves not linear, shorter and wider, segmented.		(98)
98 (97)	Leaves pinnatisect, with linear-lanceolate segments		17 Ser. Proboscideae
+	Leaves double dentate to pinnatipartite, with shorter wider segments.		(99)
99 (98)	Leaves ± lanceolate-oblong, less than 3.5 X as long as wide		7 Ser. Dolichocymbae
+	Leaves not linear to linear-lanceolate, more than 4 X as long as wide		6 Ser. Rudes
100 (96)	Beak of galea nearly as long as lower corolla lip.		(101)
+	Beak of galea longer than lower corolla lip.		(104)
101 (100)	Leaves mostly basal, pinnatisect with lanceolate segments; beak of galea with apical tuft of hairs		18 Ser. Lachnoglossae
+	Leaves mostly on stem, not pinnatisect; beak of galea without apical tuft of hairs.		(102)
102 (101)	Lobes of lower corolla lip long stipitate basally, galea ± abruptly constricted into a slender beak		11 Ser. Lasiophrydes
+	Lobes of lower corolla lip not stipitate, galea gradually constricted into a beak.		(103)
103 (102)	Plants usually more than 30 cm tall, to 80 cm; corolla galea less than 3 mm wide, sparsely pubescent		9 Ser. Imbricatae
+	Plants usually less than 30 cm tall; corolla galea 4--5 mm wide, densely pubescent		10 Ser. Trichoglossae
104 (100)	Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.		(105)
+	Leaves not narrowly linear.		(106)
105 (104)	Plants usually more than 30 cm tall, to 1 m; beak of galea not twisted; lobes of lower corolla lip narrowly lanceolate		12 Ser. Kongboenses
+	Plants less than 30 cm tall; beak of galea S-shaped; lobes of lower corolla lip short, wide		15 Ser. Kialenses
106 (104)	Leaves ± ovate, usually more than 3.5 cm wide		14 Ser. Excelsae
+	Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, usually less than 3.5 cm wide (except P. angustilabris to 5.5 cm wide).		(107)
107 (106)	Galea not twisted, densely villous at base and at margin; lobes of lower corolla lip not square-shaped		19 Ser. Recurvae
+	Galea strongly twisted, glabrous or villous on lower margin and beak; lobes of lower corolla lip nearly square-shaped		15 Ser. Kialenses
108 (95)	Inflorescences distinctly centrifugal.		(109)
+	Inflorescences distinctly centripetal or indistinctly centrifugal.		(111)
109 (108)	Beak of galea more than 3 X as long as lower corolla lip		107 Ser. Macrorhynchae
+	Beak of galea shorter or slightly longer than lower corolla lip.		(110)
110 (109)	Lower corolla lip less than 1.2 cm wide		106 Ser. Filiculae
+	Lower corolla lip usually more than 1.5 cm wide		109 Ser. Macranthae
111 (108)	Stems weak, slender, usually diffuse; flowers usually axillary.		(112)
+	Stems erect or ± ascending, or ± stemless; flowers arising from a stock.		(115)
112 (111)	Flowers usually in clusters at base of stems		30 Ser. Vagantes
+	Flowers not in clusters at base of stems, solitary.		(113)
113 (112)	Galea with pairs of marginal teeth		94 Ser. Odontophorae
+	Galea without marginal teeth.		(114)
114 (113)	Leaves without distinct reticulate veins abaxially; calyx tube without reticulate veins		31 Ser. Axillares
+	Leaves with distinct reticulate veins abaxially; calyx tube with reticulate veins apically		32 Ser. Infirmae
115 (111)	Inflorescences usually elongated, not interrupted.		(116)
+	Inflorescences usually subcapitate, few flowered, or ± elongated and interrupted basally.		(117)
116 (115)	Stems to 80 cm tall; leaves relatively large; corolla relatively small, beak of galea bent upward, lower lip 1/4 to 1/3 as long as galea		13 Ser. Subsurrectae
+	Stems shorter; leaves relatively small; corolla relatively large, beak of galea bent downward only, lower lip longer		69 Ser. Oxycarpae
117 (115)	Plants less than 10 cm tall, without a distinct main stem.		(118)
+	Plants more than 10 cm tall.		(121)
118 (117)	Leaves numerous, persistent, with several narrow segments		93 Ser. Asplenifoliae
+	Leaves few, not persistent, with fewer wider segments.		(119)
119 (118)	Lower corolla lip more than 2 cm wide, galea usually robust, apex of beak 2-cleft		108 Ser. Robustae
+	Lower corolla lip narrower, galea narrower, apex of beak not 2-cleft.		(120)
120 (119)	Stems rigid; leaves alternate; roots numerous		95 Ser. Paucifoliatae
+	Stems usually weak, flexuous; leaves usually pseudo-opposite; roots few		96 Ser. Mychophilae
121 (117)	Pedicel to 3--11.5 cm; galea not twisted		97 Ser. Franchetianae
+	Pedicel less than 3 cm; galea strongly twisted laterally.		(122)
122 (121)	Flowers ± in a capitulum.		(123)
+	Flowers ± in a raceme.		(128)
123 (122)	Corolla more than 3 cm; lower lip relatively wide, often completely enveloping galea		98 Ser. Pseudomacranthae
+	Corolla usually less than 2.5 cm; lower lip relatively narrow, often spreading, not enveloping galea.		(124)
124 (123)	Leaves to 2.5--13 X 14 cm, stem leaves often ovate-elliptic		37 Ser. Phaceliifoliae
+	Leaves smaller, ± oblong or lanceolate.		(125)
125 (124)	Plants usually branched basally and at middle		67 Ser. Strobilaceae
+	Plants unbranched or only branched basally.		(126)
126 (125)	Corolla to 2.8 cm; beak of galea very long, S-shaped or semicircular		72 Ser. Rhinanthoides
+	Corolla smaller; beak of galea shorter, not S-shaped or semicircular.		(127)
127 (126)	Leaves pinnatifid or pinnatipartite		95 Ser. Paucifoliatae
+	Leaves pinnatisect or pinnatipartite		68 Ser. Oliganthae
128 (122)	Galea strongly twisted laterally at base		70 Ser. Dissectae
+	Galea not strongly twisted laterally at base.		(129)
129 (128)	Leaves often ovate or elliptic, with few segments		49 Ser. Furfurae
+	Leaves oblong to linear, with numerous segments, some merely crenate.		(130)
130 (129)	Basal leaves cespitose; plants herbaceous; bracts petiolate		95 Ser. Paucifoliatae
+	Basal leaves not cespitose; plants ± woody; bracts sessile.		(131)
131 (130)	Leaves only double dentate or entire.		(132)
+	Leaves pinnatipartite to pinnatisect.		(133)
132 (131)	Beak of galea distinct		45 Ser. Racemosae
+	Beak of galea indistinct		46 Ser. Carnosae
133 (131)	Pedicel relatively short; beak of galea short or obscure		47 Ser. Microphyllae
+	Pedicel relatively long, distinct; beak of galea slender		48 Ser. Polyphyllatae